Spain in the Late 19th Century: Society, Economy, and Labor
Late 19th Century Spain: Demographics
Population grew more slowly than in Europe. A U.S. birth reduces mortality, but tuberculosis. In Spain, there was high mortality and a low birth rate.
There were famines, epidemics (such as cholera), and wars (the Carlist Wars, the Cuban War of Independence). Emigration occurred to Argentina and Brazil (including Catalans to Cuba). Since 1885, mortality slowly normalized. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw migration from rural areas to central and peripheral
Read MoreSpain’s Economic Miracle and Social Evolution (1950-1973)
Spain’s Economic and Social Transformation (1950-1973)
Spanish economic policy between the 1950s and 1960s was severely restricted by the state of ruin after the Civil War, depriving Spain of access to foreign resources and facing an international embargo imposed on the nation.
Autarky and Early Economic Challenges (1950s)
During this stage, an economic policy based on autarky was implemented, driven by necessity and the regime’s political decisions. Its goal was rapid industrialization, but the results
Read MoreGlobal Crop Cultivation: Climate Requirements for Major Agricultural Products
This document outlines the specific climatic conditions necessary for the cultivation of major crops worldwide.
Cereals
Wheat
Thrives in climates with strong periods of heat, incompatible with wet conditions. Its northern boundary coincides with the 10°C isotherm in May. Requires annual precipitation between 350 and 750 mm.
Barley
Similar requirements to wheat, but thrives in short summers. Forage varieties are distinct from brewing varieties, with the latter obtained in more humid regions.
Rye
Its key
15th Century Literature: Key Developments & Impact
15th Century Literature: Key Developments
Economic and Social Landscape
Politically, there was a tendency towards the concentration of royal power across nearly all of Western Europe. The expansion of communication routes, improved means of transport, and a booming trade fostered the emergence of business activities that transcended the barriers of guilds and cities. This opened new avenues, even for the Church and aristocracy. A crisis emerged in social relations among the estates. The development
Read MoreGlobal Dynamics: China’s Past and Modern Migration Challenges
19th Century China: Imperial Structure and Nationalist Movements
During the nineteenth century, China’s nationalist movement operated within a feudal, monarchical, and imperial structure, characterized by a strong centralized government and bureaucracy. The social base consisted of a vast population living in a near-slavery regime, dominated by a minority of noble landowners. After the Opium War, China lost to the United Kingdom, and the imperial court had already yielded strategic cities to Portugal,
Read MoreHabsburg Spain: Rise, Zenith, and Decline of a Global Empire
The Universal Empire of Charles V
There was a great inheritance, from the Catholic Monarchs and Philip of Habsburg. This inheritance included:
- The realms of Spain, Navarre, and the Crown of Aragon
- American possessions
- Italian territories
- From his father: the Netherlands and Luxembourg
Internal Problems in France
France, under Charles V’s reign, faced significant internal problems:
- Revolt of the Communities: A protest by gentlemen, artisans, and traders against economic policy and a perceived lack of respect