19th Century Industrialization: Impacts and Spread
Luddism
Luddism was a movement led by English craftsmen in the nineteenth century, which protested between 1811 and 1817 against the new machines that were destroying employment.
Chartism
Chartism was a UK parliamentary reform movement of 1837–48, the principles of which were set out in a manifesto called The People’s Charter. It called for universal suffrage for men, equal electoral districts, voting by secret ballot, abolition of property qualifications for MPs, and annual general elections.
Liberalism
Economic
Read MoreNatural and Man-Made Landscapes: Types and Impacts
Landscapes
A Landscape is Everything We Can See in an Area.
There Are Different Types of Landscape:
- Natural Landscapes: Natural features. They form very slowly over millions of years.
- Man-made Landscapes: Humans have changed the environment.
Types of Natural Landscapes: Inland (Away from the Sea) and Coastal (Near the Sea)
Landforms in Natural Inland Landscapes
- Mountains: Large inclines of rocky land that rise from the ground.
Parts of a Mountain: Summit, Foot, and Slope
- Summit: Top of a mountain.
Rock Deformation and the Rock Cycle: A Comprehensive Study
1. Deformation of Rocks
Geothermal Energy – Plate Tectonics – Stress – Deformation
1.1. Types of Stress
Stress is a force applied over an area. It can be classified into:
- Confining stress (stress is equal from all directions)
- Differential stress (stress is not equal from all directions)
- Compressional stress, produced by opposite, convergent forces
- Tensional stress, produced by opposite, divergent forces
- Shear stress, produced by opposite, parallel forces
As the stress is applied to a rock, it begins to deform
Read MoreSpain: Geography, Economy, and EU Relations
Spain’s Location: US and Global Context
This choropleth map illustrates the status and position of the Iberian Peninsula. The geographic space depicted includes the Atlantic Ocean, Northern Africa, and parts of Europe.
Geographic Features of Spain
- Location: Spain resides in the temperate zone, sharing the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal.
- Islands: Spain includes the Canary Islands and the Balearic Islands.
- Surrounding Waters: The Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean border Spain.
Climate and Relief
- Climate:
Ancient Greek and Roman City Planning and Architecture
Planning in Ancient Greece
Pericles, the Greek architect of Miletus, adopted the grid plan, conceived by Hippodamus, for the construction of new cities. This plan featured parallel and perpendicular streets. The Hippodamian plan was applied to many cities, and this layout can still be found today, for example, in Barcelona.
Main Buildings of a Polis
The Greeks avoided monumental works. Most buildings were constructed with small blocks of stone or marble that were linked together by iron clamps. They
Read MoreIndustrial Revolution: Impact and Key Technological Advances
The Industrial Revolution: A Transformative Era (1760-1840)
The Industrial Revolution marked a significant shift to new manufacturing processes, spanning from approximately 1760 to between 1820 and 1840. This transition encompassed a move from manual production methods to machinery, novel chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, enhanced water power efficiency, increased use of steam power, and the development of machine tools. It also included a transition from wood and other bio-fuels
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