Medieval Spain: Society, Culture, and Literature (6th-15th Centuries)
Literature in the Middle Ages
What Language Was Literature Written in During the Middle Ages?
Primarily in Latin.
What Are the First Literary Works Preserved in Romance Languages?
The jarchas.
What Is the Subject of Jarchas?
They are typically love songs.
With What Other Early Lyric Poems Do Jarchas Share This Theme?
They share similarities with the cantigas de amigo (songs of my friend) in Galician-Portuguese and some Castilian villancicos.
What Type of Poetry Developed During the 15th Century?
A significant
Read MoreEconomic and Social Transformations in the 18th Century
Articles
Small-scale production (no technical innovations).
Organized in large workshops.
Capital: it puts the employer’s scale.
Workers receive a wage for work performed.
Control is outside the union.
It is the market that sets prices in manufacturing.
The form and stage of production is determined by each employer.
Home Industry
Dispersed cottage industry: not developed in a workshop, but is distributed among the peasants of a village or more.
The employer puts the capital, raw materials, and machinery.
Ancient Greece and Rome: Geography and History
Dark Age of Greece
We know very little about it over the years. The Greek alphabet appeared, and the polis was born. It was the most important social and political structure. Poleis were ruled by the most powerful citizens: the aristocracy. The two most important poleis were Athens and Sparta.
Introduction
Geography has always determined the history of nations. Greece is dominated by two main geographical features: sea and mountains. The mountain ranges sweep down from the center to the shore. The
Read MoreEnvironmental Crisis: Causes, Impacts, and Resource Depletion
Environmental Crisis: Causes and Consequences
Technological advances and industrial development, while driving the economic system, have been developed outside of a sustainable framework. This has led to serious environmental problems with significant repercussions in the natural world.
This crisis threatens the future of the planet and our current way of life. Key factors contributing to this crisis include:
- Exponential Population Growth: Concentration in large cities like New York and Tokyo leads
17th Century Spain: Demographic and Economic Crisis
Demographic Crisis: Over the seventeenth century, the Spanish population stagnated. This zero growth was due to several factors:
- Successive subsistence crises, mainly caused by poor crops.
- Epidemics, exacerbated by malnutrition.
- Wars and forced recruitment due to a lack of mercenaries.
- The expulsion of the Moors, which impoverished the peasantry.
- Emigration to America.
Economic Problems
Reduced Agricultural Production
Agricultural production decreased, primarily in Castile, due to low labor, a heavy tax
Read MoreEnvironmental Conservation and Sustainable Practices
Key Environmental Concepts
- Rainwater Harvesting
- Collecting and storing rainwater for reuse.
- Methods: Rooftop harvesting, surface runoff collection.
- Soil Erosion
- Causes: Wind, water, deforestation.
- Control: Afforestation, contour plowing, terrace farming.
- Food Chain
- Sequence of organisms transferring energy (Producers → Consumers → Decomposers).
- Food Web
- Interlinked food chains showing energy flow.
- Pyramid of Energy
- Shows energy flow at each trophic level.
- Energy reduces as it moves up the levels.
- In-situ