Spain’s Diverse Climate Regions
Spain, with its varied geography, experiences a wide range of climate types. The main climate zones found across the Iberian Peninsula and its islands include the Oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate (with its sub-types), Mountain climate, and the unique climate of the Canary Islands.
Oceanic Climate
This climate zone is located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, specifically along the Bay of Biscay and Galicia. It is characterized by:
- Abundant and Regular Rainfall: Annual precipitation typically
19th Century Spanish Economy: Reforms, Industry, Railways
Spain’s 19th Century Economic Transformation
Economic transformations throughout the nineteenth century in Spain included several processes of secularization. The Spanish economy, primarily agricultural, faced stagnation due to natural factors (poor soil, high summer temperatures, low rainfall, and winter frosts) and sociopolitical issues (poor peasants lacked investment capital, and landowners prioritized quick profits).
Agricultural Reforms and Land Ownership
Following the end of absolutism, Liberals
Read MorePakistan’s Core: Ideology, Geography, and Demographics
Understanding Pakistan’s Foundations
Defining Ideology: Scholarly Perspectives
Ideology is a fundamental concept. It refers to a collection of ideas, beliefs, and values that show how people think and act within a society or a nation. According to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: “The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e., the class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force.”
Sources of Pakistan’s Ideology
Pakistan’s
Read MoreKey Concepts in Social History and Economics
Luddism
An English movement against the new industrial system, which manifested in spontaneous and violent actions, including the destruction of instruments of production considered responsible for unemployment.
International Workers’ Association (IWA)
Abbreviation for the International Workers’ Association, a workers’ organization based in London, also known as the First International. It formed sections or federations in several countries and was led by a Central Committee. It advocated for the emancipation
Read MoreSpain’s Transformation: From Bourbon Succession to Liberal Revolutions (1700s-1800s)
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
Causes of the Conflict
- Death of Charles II of Spain without an heir.
- Clash of candidates: Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria.
Conflicting Sides
- International Alliance: Austria, Holland, Portugal, and Britain supported Charles of Austria.
- France: Supported Philip V of Bourbon.
- Spain: The Crown of Aragon supported Charles of Austria; the rest of the territory recognized Philip V.
Resolution: Peace of Utrecht (1713)
- International recognition of Philip V as King
Industrial Revolution: Causes, Energy, and Production
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth
Since the eighteenth century, plague epidemics were disappearing, and the development of agriculture allowed for increased food production, leading to a significant decline in mortality.
- European mortality, including infant mortality, declined.
- The birth rate decreased slowly but remained high, leading to considerable vegetative growth.
- Population growth was greater in cities. There were also significant migrations, especially to America.