Demographic Transition and Migration: Impacts on Economies
Demographic Transition
The starting point is usually a situation of stationary population growth, despite the high birth rates (low life expectancy) and the high mortality due to the inadequacy of food resources and health care. Economic development tends to be linked with the improvement of agricultural productivity and health conditions, resulting in a drastic reduction in mortality rates. This change originates the “demographic explosion”. Explosive population growth tends to follow a logistic
Read MoreSpanish Society and Education Transformation: 1875-1902
Spanish Society and Mentality: 1875-1902
Society and Mentality
The society of Spain during the Restoration has been characterized as a dual society in which two very different worlds coexisted, with a rather weak relationship between them:
- A vast agricultural interior with subsistence lifestyles, very backward, and isolated.
- A few industrial areas where a modern society was slowly emerging. These areas were located mainly on the periphery, with the exception of Madrid.
In general, poverty was rampant.
Read MoreEconomy and Society in 16th and 17th Century Spain: Habsburg Era
Economy and Society in Spain in the 16th Century
In the 16th century, the Spanish economy was characterized by several key features:
- Agriculture: Agricultural practices were outdated, and the poor distribution of land hindered modernization. Rainfed crops like vines and cereals were important, especially in Castile. Irrigation was crucial in Andalusia, Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia.
- Livestock: Nomadic sheep farming was prominent in Castile, supported by the Catholic Monarchs and Charles I. The Mesta
Earth’s Tectonic Plates, European Geography, and State Functions
ITEM 1
According to plate tectonics, Earth’s crust is composed of several plates, called tectonic plates, that move very slowly and sometimes overlap one another. When plates overlap or collide, they cause earthquakes and volcanic activity, creating cracks that release accumulated energy from the Earth’s core in the form of lava. The relief refers to the inequalities that present the land surface. Most people live in flat areas situated below 500 m altitude, and modify the relief with bridges, balconies,
Read MoreAgrarian Reform and Industrialization in 19th-Century Spain
Changes in the Operating System and Land Ownership in 19th-Century Spain
The Sale of Church and Municipal Property and its Consequences
The liberal agrarian reform in Spain was part of the process of replacing the *ancien régime* with a capitalist society. During this process, jurisdictional domains were abolished, the privileges of the Mesta were eliminated, and private ownership was consolidated.
The confiscation (seizure of church property and municipalities) played an important role, eliminating
Read MoreUrban and Demographic Concepts: Spain’s Territorial Structure
Key Urban and Demographic Concepts
Definitions
Demographic Desert:
CBD (Central Business District): The Central Business District is where the main commercial and financial activities take place. Most buildings are offices; not many are houses. There are lots of skyscrapers.
Natality: Natality is the number of people born over a year in a particular area.
Active Population:
City Functions
The Functions of a City
Residential: A common function of all cities.
Political and Administrative: A function of cities
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