French Revolution and Industrial Revolution: Key Factors
The Causes of the French Revolution
In France in the late eighteenth century, large sectors of society wanted major changes. There had been a significant price increase. The bourgeoisie was experiencing economic benefits, but progress was hindered by regulations that interfered with free trade and free production. Additionally, estates management and privileges of birth prevented them from accessing political power. Encouraged by enlightened ideas, the bourgeoisie demanded political changes that
Read MoreGlobal Stability, Terrorism, and Peace: Key Insights
Fragile States Index: Stability and Pressures
The Fragile States Index is an annual ranking of 178 nations based on their levels of stability and the pressures they face.
Weak and failing states pose a challenge to the international community. In a highly interconnected world, pressures on one fragile state can have serious repercussions not only for that state and its people, but also for its neighbors and other states halfway across the globe. Since the end of the Cold War, a number of states have
Read MoreAgricultural Factors: Climate, Techniques, and EU Policies
Factors Influencing Primary Activities
Physical Factors
Climate
Each climate zone is suitable for specific crops. Extreme temperatures, droughts, and heavy rains hinder agriculture.
Relief
Temperature decreases with altitude, limiting agricultural development.
Ground
Each crop requires a specific soil type.
Human Factors
Population Size
Increased population leads to agricultural expansion.
Agricultural Techniques
Developed countries have higher productivity due to advanced methods.
Economic Systems
Subsistence
Read MoreSpanish Agriculture in the Early 20th Century: Crisis and Reform
Agrarian Backwardness and Conflict
The Agrarian Crisis
At the beginning of the 20th century, Spanish agriculture faced the consequences of the agrarian crisis that swept through Europe in the late 19th century. There was an agriculture oriented mainly towards the cultivation of cereals, and it basically had a herd of sheep. Spain accused the grain crisis more strongly than other neighboring countries. The cause of the crisis was the arrival in Europe of products from countries with extensive agriculture,
Read MoreUrban Expansion in 19th-Century Spain: A Deep Dive
The Expansion of Cities
One of the most significant events of the nineteenth century was the growth of cities. The city became the symbol of modernity and the epicenter of social transformations and economic, political, and cultural change.
Spanish Urbanization
Urbanization in Spain was considerable during the nineteenth century but did not reach the heights of European industrialized countries. The process in Spain resulted in almost the same growth as other Mediterranean countries. The growth of
Read MoreTransformation of Europe: From Agrarian Roots to Enlightenment
An Agrarian and Manorial Economy
The economy of the Ancien Regime was mainly rural. Land was entailed, which meant it could not be bought or sold, and it was concentrated in the hands of the nobility and the Church. The lords received manorial rents and taxes paid by the peasants and had the power to issue orders and impart justice. Peasants also had to pay 10% of their harvest to the Church. Agriculture used traditional methods, and productivity was low. Most people practiced subsistence farming,
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