Europe’s Transformation: Late Middle Ages to 15th Century
The Crisis of the 14th and 15th Centuries
During the 14th and part of the 15th century, Europe suffered a serious crisis. Among the causes of this crisis were years of poor harvests due to adverse weather and the cultivation of poor-quality land.
Consequences of the Crisis
- A reduction in population: The Black Death caused the population to fall by a third alone. This led to the abandonment of entire regions and a reduction in the workforce.
- Rural and urban rebellions: The economic situation of farmers
Iberian Peninsula in the Late Middle Ages: Art, Crisis, Wars
The Iberian Peninsula During the Late Middle Ages
1. Mudéjar and Nasrid Art
Mudéjar art was a style that mixed Muslim and Christian characteristics. An example of this art is the use of bricks, plaster, and tiles. In Teruel, we can find Mudéjar works such as the Tower of San Martín.
Nasrid art developed between the 13th and 14th centuries in the kingdom of Granada. Its most emblematic works were a series of palaces of the Muslim kings. In addition, this place stood out for developing some novel
Read MorePrimary Sector Activities: Farming, Forestry, Fishing, and Mining
What is Farming?
Farming is the practice of cultivating crops and raising animals to produce food and other raw materials.
What is Forestry?
Forestry is a primary sector activity focused on obtaining resources from forests, such as wood, paper, and cork.
What is Fishing?
Fishing is a primary sector activity that involves obtaining resources like fish, seafood, and coral from rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans.
What is Mining?
Mining is a primary sector activity based on the extraction of mineral resources
Read MoreEuropean Union: Institutions, Agriculture, and Fisheries Policies
The Institutions of the European Union
The EU comprises a series of supranational organizations, institutions that are above the state, and they are made up of representatives of these states.
- The European Council comprises the Heads of State or Government of Member States, accompanied by their respective Ministers of Foreign Affairs. It is in charge of defining the general guidelines for action and development.
- The Council of Ministers consists of representatives of the states that make up the EU.
Demographic Transition and Urban Development in Spain
Demographic Transition
Demographic transition refers to the historical shift within an area or country, where the birth rate gradually declines, while the death rate decreases rapidly, causing rapid and abundant population growth. In the Spanish case, this period started in the early twentieth century and ended around 1975, giving way to the modern demographic regime when the birth rate began to fall.
Urban Morphology
Urban morphology is the study of the form of cities. This study is complex due to
Read MorePolitical Landscape of Medieval Castile and Aragon
The Middle Ages: Political Organization and Institutions in the Kingdom of Castile
Until the 11th century, monarchs had limited authority, and the nobles held significant power. The king acted within his own demarcation (lordship of the Crown). His functions were coinage and leading the lords in war, while also administering justice and collecting taxes. From the 11th and 12th centuries, monarchs began to strengthen their power.
- Monarchy: Under feudalism, the king held legislative and other powers.