Spain’s Democracy, Economy, and Society Since 1975
Consolidation of Democracy in Spain
Economic Measures
Economic policies have addressed several key issues:
- The 1975 Economic Crisis: Industrial restructuring was initially postponed due to the urgency of political measures after Franco’s death. Felipe González later addressed this by closing obsolete industries and introducing modern technology. This led to increased unemployment but facilitated economic recovery.
- Adoption of the Euro: A group of countries launched the euro, which replaced the Spanish
EU Policies: Agriculture, Industry, Services & Spain
Objectives of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
The EU’s agricultural policy aims to achieve self-sufficiency in consumption within the EU. This has resulted in large increases in crop production and livestock. However, this increased production has been so considerable that it exceeds the consumption capacity of Europeans.
To solve the problem of overproduction, the EU is proposing:
- Reducing the area devoted to crops.
- Converting cropland to forest area.
- Reducing guaranteed prices paid by the EU to
Natural and Human Factors: An In-Depth Analysis
Natural Factors
Natural factors include a number of components, such as: location, size, topography, soil, coasts, climate, hydrography, flora, and fauna. This enumeration, adopting a principle of order, is not arbitrary. The approach is based on the degree of difficulty for modifying the natural elements. The surface area and geographical location are unchanged, but there are possibilities of transformation. Thus, we cannot move mountains, but it is technically possible to trace tunnels through
Social and Industrial Transformations in the 19th Century
Social Changes in the 19th Century
The Rise of Class Consciousness. The working classes became conscious of their collective identity and began organizing to make demands (giving rise to unions, labor parties, etc.). This led to successive improvements in employment conditions. Two factors contributed to the strengthening of collective consciousness: a significant increase in non-wage earners and urbanization. The main instrument of force was the strike, often harshly repressed by employers. The
Read MoreFarming and Fishing in Spain: Key Concepts
Key Concepts of Agriculture in Spain
Extensive: A form of farming that requires large tracts of land and provides low yields due to low investment.
Intensive: A farming method located on a small area of land. It usually occurs in irrigated areas (wet meadows, greenhouses).
Performance Agriculture: Production per unit area.
Agricultural Production: Total tons of agricultural products produced or the total value of agricultural production. In this case, we speak of Total Agricultural Production in a country
Vehicle Comparison, Smart Growth & Energy Policies
Vehicle Technology Comparison: Efficiency & Emissions
Researchers compared different vehicle technologies using Well-to-Wheel (WTW) studies, utilizing the Greenhouse Gas Levels, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model. The comparison included conventional, Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Electric Vehicle (EV), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) cars for urban use. The assessment covered WTW energy, gasoline consumption, cost,
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