Atmospheric Dynamics: Air Circulation, Masses, and Weather Systems
Atmospheric Air Circulation
The atmosphere contains gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ozone, along with suspended particles like water vapor. Weather phenomena primarily occur in the troposphere, the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
Principles of Air Movement
- Warm air expands, its density decreases, and it rises, creating an area of low pressure.
- As air ascends through the upper layers of the atmosphere, it cools down.
- Cold air contracts and descends into the atmosphere, generating a
Science Fundamentals: Method, Measurement, Weather
Scientific Method Basics
Q, R, H, E, D, C, P
Aristotle gave us the hypothesis step (if you think hard enough, you can figure out the answer).
Galileo gave us the experiment step 2,000 years later.
For a controlled experiment, only one variable can change. If more than one changes, then the results are invalid.
Scientific Measuring Tools
Know the scientific measuring tools and what they measure:
- Metric ruler: measures length in centimeters
- Thermometer: measures the temperature of objects
- Triple Beam Balance:
Java Programs: Leap Year, Divisibility, and More
Checking for Leap Years in Java
This program allows the user to enter a year and checks whether it is a leap year:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Leap {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a year: ");
int year = input.nextInt();
if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0)) {
System.out.println(year + " is a leap year ");
} else {
Java Programming Exercises: Calculations and Conversions
Exercise Listing 2.1: Calculate Circle Area
Write a simple application that computes the area of a circle, knowing that π = 3.14159 and radius = 20.
ComputeArea.java
public class ComputeArea {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double radius; // Declare radius
double area; // Declare area
// Assign a radius
radius = 20; // radius is now 20
// Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
// Display results
System.out.println("The area Aurora, Atmospheric Phenomena, and Meteorology: Key Concepts
Aurora
An aurora is a glow that appears in the night sky, usually in polar regions. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is known as the Aurora Borealis, and in the Southern Hemisphere, it is known as the Aurora Australis.
Origin of the Aurora Borealis or Polaris
An aurora originates when a solar mass ejection collides with the north and south poles of the Earth’s magnetosphere, which is projected to the ionosphere.
Variation of Temperatures
- Diurnal Variation: The change in temperature between day and night
Aviation and Snow Sports Weather: Clouds, Visibility, and Hazards
Flying Weather: Clouds and Ceiling
Normal Clouds:
- Convective/Cumuliform clouds (Cu): Look like stacked cotton balls, associated with updrafts.
-
Layer/Stratiform clouds (St): Look like sheets/blankets, extending horizontally.
- Nimbostratus: Precipitating.
- Stratus: Not precipitating.
From increasing height: stratus/nimbostratus, altostratus/cumulus, cirrostratus/cumulus, cirrus.
Special Clouds:
-
Clouds in unstable air aloft:
- Castellanus: Small castle turrets, indicate potential thunderstorms.
- Billow (K-