English Grammar, Morphology, and Vocabulary Essentials
Grammar
Future Tense
- Will: Subject + will/won’t + infinitive
- Medium/long-term expressions, decisions at the time of speaking, offers, predictions based on opinion.
- Appears with: I think, I hope, I’m afraid, I promise, I expect…
- Going to: Subject + am/is/are + going to + infinitive
- Almost certain events, plans or intentions decided before speaking, immediate actions with clear evidence.
- Present Continuous: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing
- Definite plans (e.g., Thursday 26 February, we are going to Barcelona)
Spanish Grammar: Conjunctions, Subordinate Clauses, and Pronouns
Conjunctions
Coordinated Conjunctions
- Copulative: (y, e, ni)
Examples: Dew eats and naps. / Andrew studied literature and history. / The jury decided that the boy did not win and gave a good performance in the show. - Adversative: (pero, mas, sino, sin embargo, aunque)
Examples: I like it, but it needs some changes. / Your work is very good, although it requires further review. - Disjunctive: (o, u)
Examples: He either studies or fails the test. / Marta is either always late or never arrives. - Consecutive: (
Common English Phrasal Verbs
A
(to) eat away: gnaw, corrode, wear.
(to) eat into: corrode, eat.
(to) eat out: eating out, dining out.
(to) eat up: eat, consume, swallow, devour.
(to) egg on: encourage, incite.
(to) end in: end in, end.
(to) end off: finish, terminate, going.
F
(to) face up to: confront, face.
(to) fall about: hilarious, break (laughter).
(to) fall apart: break, disintegrate, fall apart.
(to) fall away: decrease, go away, discard.
(to) fall back: retreat, withdraw.
(to) fall back on to: use, draw on, to lean on.
(to) fall
Read MoreWashington Square Characters: A Deep Dive
Dr. Austin Sloper
A complex figure in Henry James’s work, Dr. Sloper is both intelligent and harsh, particularly towards his daughter, Catherine. While critical of her suitor, Morris Townsend, his actions transcend simple villainy. Throughout the novel, he embodies a symbolic father figure, often neglecting his sisters, Lavinia Penniman and Elizabeth Almond. As a renowned figure in Washington Square, the contrast between his social standing and personal failures is stark. Despite his medical expertise,
Read MoreEssential English Grammar Structures and Usage
Verb Tenses
Simple Present: always, frequently, usually, generally, sometimes, never, seldom, once a week/month/year, every day, in the morning.
Present Continuous: (studying) at the moment, this year, now, tomorrow, tonight, next…
Simple Past: (studied) yesterday, last week, two days ago, when, then.
Past Continuous: (I was studying) at… o’clock, while.
Past Perfect: (had worked) already, by the time, after, before.
Present Perfect: (we have studied) ever, never, just, recently, already, for, since,
Read MoreEdu’s Indian Adventure: A Journey Through Culture and History
What surprise did Edu’s father have for his son? He invited Edu to visit India with him.
What did Edu learn about the population of India from the internet? How does India compare in size to his country?
– There are more than a billion people in India.
– India is almost seven times as big as his country.
Why is India not an easy country to visit?
– Because of the noise and the crowds.
According to the doctor’s list, what clothes should Edu take to India?
– Long trousers, long-sleeved shirts, and a