Programming Languages: Pascal, Basic, Fortran, and Cobol
Pascal. It was designed by Professor Niklaus Wirth at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1970. He named it after the seventeenth-century French mathematician Blaise Pascal. The language was first introduced by its designer and later became available for all popular microcomputers.
The main reason that prompted Niklaus Wirth to develop Pascal was to provide a language for educational programming as a systematic discipline, so that the principles of discipline were clearly reflected by
Read MoreElectromagnetic Waves, Bands, and Channels in Television
Electromagnetic Waves and Their Properties
Calculating Frequency and Wavelength
1. If an electromagnetic wave has a repetition period of 5 microseconds, what is its frequency and wavelength?
Solution: Period and frequency are inversely related. Frequency (F) can be calculated using the formula: F = 1/T = 1/(5 * 10-6) = 200,000 Hz. From the frequency, the wavelength (λ) is calculated: λ = c/F = (3 * 108) / (2 * 105) = 1500 m.
2. If an electromagnetic wave has a wavelength of 10 km, what is its frequency
Read MoreShannon-Weaver & Berlo Communication Models: Key Concepts
Shannon-Weaver Information Theory
Key Concepts:
Shannon and Weaver’s information theory distinguishes three levels:
- Technical: Focuses on the fidelity of information transmission.
- Semantic: Deals with the meaning of the message.
- Pragmatic: Concerns the effect of the communication on behavior.
Shannon-Weaver Communication Model
- Source:
- Information
- Message
- Transmitter: Emphasizes sending.
- Channel:
- Noise
- Received signal message
- Receptor
- Destination
The theory conceptualizes information as the degree of freedom to
Read MoreUnderstanding Sound: Properties and Phenomena
The Nature of Sound
Sound is a vibration that spreads through the air. It follows the same principles as when we throw a stone into a pond: the disturbance of the stone causes the water to stir in all directions until their amplitude is so small that it ceases to be perceived.
Frequency
The number of times that this vibration is produced per second is what is known as frequency. The frequency of sound is measured in Hertz (Hz). A person with healthy ears can hear frequencies from 20 to 20,000 Hz.
When
Read MoreLanguage Functions: Exercises to Understand Communication
Exercises: The Language and Its Functions
1. The Message
How I would like to close the window!
This message simultaneously fulfills the expressive function, providing information about the speaker’s desire; the appellate function, aiming to influence the receiver; and the referential function, indirectly providing information about the window being open.
1.1. What functions do the following messages serve?
- What a uniform fashion is for young people today!
- How many times do I have to say that language
Key Telecom Standards & Technologies
Key International Telecommunication Organizations
- ITU: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating international telecommunications among various administrations and operating companies.
- IEEE: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a global professional technical association dedicated to standardization, among other things. For example, IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi).
- IETF: The Internet Engineering Task Force