Copper vs. Fiber Optic Cabling: Encoding, Security & Connectors
Copper and Fiber Optic Cabling: Encoding, Security & Connectors
Encoding Bits as Voltages
There are two primary ways bits are encoded as voltages, each with distinct characteristics:
- Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) Coding: In NRZ, a ‘0’ bit is represented by one voltage level, while a ‘1’ bit is represented by a different voltage level. The voltage remains constant during the entire bit time.
- Manchester Encoding: Manchester encoding uses transitions in voltage to represent bits. For example, a ‘0’ is
Antenna Theory: Key Parameters, Types, and Applications
Antenna Fundamentals
Emitting vs. Receiving Antennas
There is no significant difference in principle between an emitting and a receiving antenna, as the transformation is reversible. However, emitting antennas often use thicker materials to dissipate the applied power. Receiving antennas undergo strict quality control.
Key Antenna Parameters
- Resonance Frequency: The frequency at which reactive components are canceled out, leaving only resistive components.
- Bandwidth: The frequency range considered valid,
Understanding Music File Formats and Audio Concepts
Understanding Music File Formats
Music Formats:
- WAV files: An uncompressed audio format.
- CDA files: The format of commercial CDs, often larger in size.
- MP3 files: Compressed files with acceptable quality.
- AAC files: Uses a compression system reducing the size by approximately 30% while maintaining acceptable quality.
- WMA files: Developed by Windows for use with Media Player; smaller than MP3s with similar quality.
- MIDI files: A standard communication protocol for connecting musical instruments.
Music Playback
Read MoreUnderstanding Signals and Communication: A Comprehensive Look
Understanding Signals and Communication
Key Competencies:
- LC: Linguistic communication
- MCST: Mathematical competence and basic competences in science and technology
- DC: Digital competence
- LL: Learning to learn
- SIE: Sense of initiative and entrepreneurship
- CAE: Cultural awareness and expression
- SCC: Social and civic competence
Analogue vs. Digital Signals
Analogue signals have an almost infinite number of values, such as frequency and amplitude. They are continuous signals which are similar (analogous) to
Read MoreEffective Communication Systems: Types, Technologies, and Methods
Communication: An Introduction
Communication is the transmission of information from one place to another. In terms of technology, communication requires a system with a message sender and a receiver.
The communication channel is the means by which the message is transmitted. Transmission occurs through environmental perturbations (signals) that originate in the transmitter until they reach the receiver. Key features include:
- The means by which it is transmitted (atmosphere, water, vacuum, optical
Error Control Codes: Detection and Correction
Error Control Codes in Computer Communication
To enable communication between two different computers, a code is necessary. This code consists of a limited set of symbols combined by specific rules known to both the sender and receiver. When a recipient receives a message coded in natural binary, it contains only digits that can have two values: 0 and 1. Each digit is called a bit.
Error Detection Codes
Binary code is suitable for representing decimal numbers. However, it’s very sensitive to errors
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