Smart Grids, Electric Vehicles, and Net-Zero Energy Buildings
Smart Grid Concept
A smart grid is an electrical network with a two-way flow of electricity and data. With digital communications technology, it can detect, react, and proactively respond to changes in usage and multiple issues. It features self-healing capabilities and enables electricity customers to become active participants.
Objectives of Smart Grids
- Environmental impact: Reduce consumption peaks with Energy Storage Systems (ESS), integrate renewable energies, and improve efficiency.
- Control systems
Signals, Systems, and Processes: Understanding Their Interactions
A) Signal
A signal can be defined as characteristic information about any physical event that has occurred or is occurring. These include electric, visual, mechanical, electromagnetic, or even analog and discrete signals, among other classifications assigned by the field of study. The importance of a signal is that it can provide valuable information about an uncertain event, thus enabling prediction and even control.
B) System
A system is a set of interrelated elements that interact among themselves
Read MoreElectronic Components: Integrated Circuits, Coils, Transformers, and More
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
An integrated circuit (IC) is a compact semiconductor device, typically a few square millimeters in size. Electronic circuits are fabricated on this semiconductor material, usually via photolithography. The IC is housed within a protective plastic or ceramic package. This package includes the necessary hardware connections to link the chip to a printed circuit board.
Types of Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits are categorized into three main types:
- Monolithic Circuits:
Impact of Information and Communication Technologies
The Impact of Information and Communication Technologies
The company is transforming itself into what has been called the Information and Knowledge Society, which is characterized by the presence of technologies in everyday life, such as:
- Computers
- PDA phones
- GPS
- And others
Information Technologies: Definition
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) include those that electronically store, create, retrieve, and transmit information in large quantities at high speed. They include the joint use
Read MoreProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLCs): Structure and Function
The term PLC, widely available in the middle, means Programmable Logic Controller. It was originally called PCs (Programmable Controllers), but with the arrival of the IBM PC, to avoid confusion, we used the acronym PLC definitively. In Europe, the same concept is called PLC. The more appropriate definition is: Industrial System Automatic Control working under a sequence stored in memory, logic instructions. It is a system because it contains everything needed to operate, and industrial by having
Read MoreSticky Bomb Detection and Safety Measures for Vehicles
Difficulties Generated by the Natural Selectivity of the Stimulus
The following factors can cause difficulties in accurately perceiving sensory stimuli:
- Localization of the observer in space and time: This can cause partial restrictions on the perception of sensory stimuli.
- Imprecisions due to fatigue.
- Selectivity of attention: When multiple stimuli occur simultaneously, only a few may capture the observer’s attention, resulting in a selection guided by the observer’s sensitivity.
- Halo effect: When a