802.11 WLAN Topologies, Antennas, and Protocols
WLAN Topologies
802.11 LAN Topologies:
- Ad hoc: Direct device-to-device communication.
- Infrastructure: Uses an Access Point (AP).
Key Terms:
- BSS: Basic Service Set.
- IBSS: Independent Basic Service Set (no AP).
Network Setup:
- Devices communicate without an AP by defining a group name.
- In infrastructure mode, an AP acts as a bridge connecting wireless clients to a wired network.
- Wireless clients are also known as stations.
- An AP is an infrastructure device.
- The coverage area of a single AP is called a BSA.
- Multiple
Oral vs Written Communication: Key Differences & Analysis
Linguistic Skills: Oral vs. Written Communication
ITEM 5. (Listening). LINGUISTIC SKILLS: The use of language can only be done in 4 different ways that the user must master to communicate.
Differences between oral and written communication: oral and ear canal.
The differences between oral and written language have been much studied. On one hand, there is the question of the relationship of the two linguistic codes: whether oral came before written, if they depend on each other, or if these are two
RF and Microwave Technology: Applications and History
RF and Microwave Technology: Applications and History
The Rise of Wireless Telephony
“Anywhere, at any time.” Modern wireless telephony is based on the concept of cellular frequency reuse, a technique first proposed by Bell Labs in 1947 but not practically implemented until the 1970s. By this time, advances in miniaturization, as well as increasing demand for wireless communications, drove the introduction of several early cellular telephone systems in Europe, the United States, and Japan.
- The Nordic
Active Filters: Types and Applications in Electronics
Active Filters
As you know, the characteristic that determines an electrical signal is frequency. In many practical cases, a circuit may carry more than one electrical signal, i.e., electrical signals with different frequencies can pass through. However, there may be circumstances where only one of these signals is of interest. This “selection” of an electrical signal by frequency is what filters do.
Initially, filters were composed solely of passive elements, i.e., resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
Read MoreVon Neumann Architecture and Computer Fundamentals
Von Neumann Architecture
It is standard to store data in memory and execute it in a processor. From there, all computers work this way.
- CPU
- Control Unit (CU): It is in charge of interpreting instructions and managing the machine, generating the necessary signals for operations control.
- Instruction Decoder (ID)
- Clock: Marks the time.
- Selector: Marks the order of instructions and synchronizes with the clock.
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Its function is to operate the data that it receives preferentially
Stable Feedback and State Estimation Techniques
Stable Feedback: General Case
State: x = Ax + Bu, | x Î Rn, u Î R | |||||||||||
Control: u = –Kx with K =[K1 | K2 | Kn ]1´n | ||||||||||
D | ||||||||||||
+ | ||||||||||||
r | u | + | ̇ | + | y | |||||||
+ | B | ʃ | C | |||||||||
+ | ||||||||||||
Ax | ||||||||||||||||||||
A | ||||||||||||||||||||
K | ||||||||||||||||||||
ì | Figure 14-1. Closed-loop system state diagram. | |||||||||||||||||||
D | ||||||||||||||||||||
ïx | = ( A – BK )x = Afx | , | ||||||||||||||||||
\í | ||||||||||||||||||||
ïA | f | = A – BK ¬closed – loop matrix | ||||||||||||||||||
î | ||||||||||||||||||||
the characteristic polynomial for the closed-loop system is | ||||||||||||||||||||
det(sI – Af ) = det(sI – A + BK ) = 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Let the Design Specification require closed-loop eigenvalues at | –l1,-l2 , ,-ln . | |||||||||||||||||||
\a | c | (s) = (s +l )(s +l | 2 | ) (s +l | n | ) = s n+a | n-1 | s n–1+ +a | s +a | 0 | = 0 | |||||||||
1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
Pole-placement design
Read More