Immobilization Techniques in Biosensors: Methods and Applications
Immobilization
Immobilization is the technique used for the physical or chemical fixation of cells, organelles, enzymes, or other proteins (e.g., monoclonal antibodies) onto a solid support, into a solid matrix, or retained by a membrane, in order to increase their stability and make possible their repeated or continued use.
Methods of Immobilization
The selective element must be connected to the transducer. This presents particular problems if the former is biological in nature. Several classes of
Understanding Faraday’s Law: Electromagnetic Induction Explained
Faraday’s Law: Induced Currents and Magnetic Flux
In 1820, Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism. The challenge then became understanding the conditions under which a magnetic field creates an electric field. After extensive investigations with conductors and large magnets, Michael Faraday, in 1831, identified the key: to induce an electric field, something must be changing.
Joseph Henry independently discovered electromagnetic induction around the same time, but Faraday
Read MoreUnderstanding Pressure, Illumination, and Flow Transducers
Pressure transducers can be divided into several groups, including:
- Mechanical: These measure pressure directly compared with that exerted by a fluid density and known height, or indirectly through the deformation experienced by various constituent elements of the transducer.
Mechanical Pressure Transducers
U-tube manometers are used to measure atmospheric pressures. They consist of a U-shaped tube with mercury, one branch open and the other connected to the pressure to be measured.
Bourdon tubes are
Read MoreDent Repair Techniques: Tools, Methods, and Steel Properties
Types of Dents
According to visibility: visible and invisible
According to the damage: light, medium, and high damage
According to access: accessible and inaccessible.
Dent Repair Tools
Active and passive tools
Dent Repair Methods
Cold, hot with access, and hot without access.
Active Tools
Panel beater hammers and rubber mallets, nail files to smooth the beaten area, inertia hammers.
Passive Tools
Tack nails, commas, pumped striatum, rails, axes, backgrounds, tranches, levers.
Drive Tools
Hydraulic jacks with
Read MoreUnderstanding Machining Processes: Turning, Milling, Planing, Drilling, and Grinding
Machining Processes: A Detailed Overview
Turning
Turning is a machining process based on rotating a workpiece around an axis to create cylindrical shapes. It involves a uniform rotational motion around a fixed axis. The primary movements include cutting, advancement, and penetration. Turning is used to create cylindrical, conical, and contoured surfaces, as well as threads. The machine consists of the body, transmission system, axle drive, fastening systems, tool, and controls for movements and speeds.
Read MoreMate Straw: An In-Depth Look at the Bombilla
The Bombilla: A Traditional Mate Drinking Straw
A bombilla (pronounced bombi?a, in Spanish River Plate: bombi?a / bombisha ‘/’) is a metal or cane straw used to drink the infusion called mate. A heritage of colonial times, the bombilla usually has a decorated stage, like the container, also called mate.
It is the antecedent of the bombilla itself, a kind of thin, hollow reed called takuapy in Guarani (taku = cane, py = “hide” or wrapper) used to drink mate and tereré.
Parts of a Bombilla
The bombilla
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