Understanding Photonic Crystal Fibers: Structure and Mechanisms
Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs)
Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) are a class of optical fibers with a microstructured arrangement of materials, typically consisting of a solid core surrounded by a periodic array of air holes running along the length of the fiber. This periodic microstructure forms a photonic crystal, which enables unique light propagation properties that differ from conventional optical fibers.
Structure of Photonic Crystal Fibers
Core
The central part where light is confined. It can be
Read MoreUnderstanding Basic Electricity: Voltage, Current & Circuits
Basic Electrical Concepts
Voltage
The energy provided by a source (like a generator) to push electrons through a circuit is called voltage.
Electric Current
Electric current (intensity) is the rate at which electrical charges flow through a circuit per unit time.
Resistance
Resistance measures how difficult it is for electric current to pass through a material. Its unit is the ohm (Ω).
Electrical Power
Power is a key characteristic of an electrical device (recipient). It indicates the capacity of a machine
Read MoreDC Motor and MCC Motor: Principles and Operation
Constitution of an MCC Motor
It is based on the principles of electromagnetic force and induced electromotive force. To carry out these principles, it consists of inductive motors and induced components:
- Inductor: Its mission is to create the electric field. It is located in the fixed part or stator of the motor. It is formed by a copper wire coil placed around a ferromagnetic material with polar exhibition. The coil carries an electric current, whose direction will depend on the sign of the magnetic
Understanding Cam, Brakes, Bearings, and Lubrication
Cam Systems and Brakes
A cam returns to its initial position, and the pads are separated from the face of the drum by the spring action.
Hydraulic Brake Systems
In a hydraulic drive system, stepping on the brake pedal causes the master cylinder piston to push fluid through the pipes. This fluid reaches the pump body and drives the pistons. The piston’s action overcomes the spring resistance, causing friction on the drum pads, which produces braking. When the pedal is released, the spring between the
Read MoreUnderstanding Magnetic Fields: Properties, Generation, and Applications
Magnetic Field
A magnetic field is a region around an electric current or magnetic substance where magnetic phenomena (attraction, repulsion) are observable.
Its shape can be visualized by sprinkling iron filings on a sheet of cardboard placed over a magnet. The filings align along lines indicating the field’s direction and strength, known as lines of induction or magnetic field lines.
A line of force represents the path an imaginary north pole would follow under the influence of the magnetic field,
Read MoreChemical Contaminant Measurement in the Workplace
Chemical Contaminant Measurement Methods
Direct and Indirect Measurement
The measurement of chemical contaminants in a job can be performed using the following general methods:
- Direct Measurement: This involves using direct-reading instruments in the workplace to obtain immediate, in situ results.
- Indirect Measurement: This method involves collecting test samples and using pollutant sensors for analysis.
Static vs. Personal Measurements
There are two main types of measurements:
- Static Measurements: These