Electric Motor Types: Series, Shunt, Compound & Losses
Electric Motor Fundamentals
The current electric motor converts electrical energy (DC) into mechanical energy through the rotation of its parts.
Key Components
- Stator: The fixed part, generating the magnetic field with coils (spools) around electromagnet poles.
- Rotor: The mobile part, with induced coils wound on an iron core. Coil ends are welded to copper plates (Delgado) forming the collector, all mounted on a shaft.
- Brushes: Mounted in brush holders, they maintain contact with the collector, supplying
Refrigerant Condensers: Types, Operation, and Selection
**Characteristics and Function of Condensers**
Its role is in condensing the refrigerant. Recall that the refrigerant leaving the compressor is in a superheated vapor state and thus enters the condenser. This will give the ‘heat’ (as it is a heat exchanger) to the condensing agent, either water or air, producing a cooling of the refrigerant to reach the temperature of condensation, which will develop a change of state. For that heat exchange between the refrigerant and the condensing agent to occur,
Read MoreAtomic Force Microscope: Construction, Working, and Nanomaterial Synthesis
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
Principle
The various types of forces experienced by the probe while scanning the sample surface scatter a laser signal, which produces a 3D image of the sample.
Diagram
- Optical fiber
- Photodetectors
- Laser beam
- Reflective surface
- Probe
- Cantilever
- Sample
Construction and Working
The AFM consists of a probe with a sharp tip fitted to a cantilever. The radius of the tip is 1 nm, and the length of the cantilever is around 10 nm.
The cantilever surface is highly reflective. A laser beam
Read MoreComprehensive Guide to Climate, Intrusion, and Safety Sensors
Climate and Environmental Sensors
Climate sensors are used in air conditioning systems to gather external data. This information is sent to the central system to optimize performance. They should be installed away from direct heat sources and not in enclosures.
Temperature Probes
Internal temperature probes are installed to measure the temperature of the flooring. One probe is placed at the beginning of the circuit and another at the end to determine losses. External temperature probes are similar,
Understanding Materials and Steel Production: From Raw to Refined
1. Materials: Origin and Classification
Materials can be broadly classified into raw materials and produced materials.
- Raw materials: Natural materials gathered from nature.
- Produced materials: Materials obtained after subjecting raw materials to appropriate transformations.
Material Composition
- Metallic: Metal acts as a basic component.
- Ferrous metals: Steel, cast iron, soft iron.
- Non-ferrous metals: Light metals, heavy metal alloys.
- Non-metallic: Metal is not a basic component.
- Natural: Silk, wood, quartz.
Understanding Time, Temperature, and Pressure Measurement
Time
Time is a scale that characterizes the length of a phenomenon and a certain moment in the course of events. It has a vital role as a magnitude, such as length and mass. However, measuring time presents some difficulties due to its intangible nature. For this reason, time is often associated with a clock hand, the displacement of a shadow, etc.
Temperature
Heat and Temperature
Mayer’s experiments finally led to Joule’s conclusion that heat is one more way to demonstrate energy. Thus, heat can be
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