Properties and Applications of Industrial Metals
Tool Steels
Tool steels are used for manufacturing equipment or tools utilized in the transformation of other materials, such as molds, shears, and dies. They are alloyed with elements that provide hardenability and/or form carbides (Cr, Mo, V, W, etc.). Depending on the type and percentage of alloying elements and heat treatment, they are classified into different groups: hot work, cold work, and high-speed steels. In many cases, they are nitrided.
Stainless Steel
Stainless steels exhibit high resistance
Read MoreAntenna Fundamentals: Principles, Parameters, and Types
Principles of Antennas
The antenna: an electrical conductor to which an alternating electrical current is applied, converting it into an electromagnetic wave.
Tank circuit: Parallel combination of a capacitor and a coil.
Parameters of an Antenna
- Resonant frequency: Frequency at which the reactive components cancel each other out, so that there is optimum radiation.
- Bandwidth: Frequency range that an antenna can emit or receive with sufficient gain.
- Electrical Length: Relationship between physical length
Hand and Machine Tools: Usage, Techniques, and Operations
Hand tools: placed in panels. Machine tools: fixed or portable. Fixed: tables or located in designated areas. Portable: guards in lockers or storage.
Technical Working previous operations, manufacturing and finishing.
Operations Prior
Measurement: determining the dimensions of parts. Instruments:
- Measuring Tape: Length measuring above a meter.
- Rules: Measuring small lengths.
- Protractor: Measure angles.
Drawn: marks on the material dimensions of the designed object.
- Carpenter’s pencil: To draw what we want
Microwave Polarization: Understanding Light and Wave Properties
Objectives:
- To study the phenomenon of polarization in a beam of light, using a microwave as a polarizer to alter the polarization generated by a radiation source.
Planning:
Electromagnetic waves, such as light or microwaves, are characterized by the vibration of electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields. These fields are transverse to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The speed of wave propagation matches the speed of light, which is C = 3×108 m/s (Hecht).
When an unpolarized
Read MoreElectrical and Magnetic Devices: Key Concepts and Applications
Electrical Devices: Key Concepts
- Device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy?
Answer: Motor - When in a motor, the armature coils are connected in series, what can be said about the engine?
Answer: It must be in series - When a coil rotating in a magnetic field induces an alternating electromotive force (EMF), what does it cause?
Answer: Alternating Current (AC) - Device that increases or decreases the EMF depending on the arrangement of the coils?
Answer: Transformer - Device that converts
Acoustics and Audio Technology: Key Concepts Explained
Acoustics and Audio Technology
Reflection: A sound wave reflects at an angle equal to the incident angle, influenced by the material’s absorption. Refraction: This is the change in direction of a sound wave. Diffraction: Occurs when a sound wave encounters an obstacle in its path. Interference: The effects that occur when sounds from various sources interact with the direct wave. Sound Absorption: Happens when a direct wave hits a surface, reflecting a new wave with lower amplitude. Resonance: When
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