Physics Lab Experiments: Optics and Circuits
Physics Laboratory Procedures and Principles
Experiment 1: Focal Length of a Convex Lens Using a Graph
AIM: To find the focal length of a convex lens using a graph.
PRINCIPLE: For an object placed at a distance $u$ from the pole of a lens with focal length $f$, the image is formed at a distance $v$ from the pole. The relation between these distances is given by the lens formula: $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} – \frac{1}{u}$ (or $\frac{uv}{u+v}$ if rearranged for $f$).
Experiment 2: Resistance Per Unit Length
Read MoreFluid Flow Measurement, Viscosity, Buoyancy & Drag
Flow Measurement: Pitot and Prandtl Tubes
Explain and describe the basic methods of flow measurement: Pitot tube and Prandtl tube:
Pitot tube: Measures the total (stagnation) pressure at a point.
Prandtl tube: Combines total and static pressure measurements to calculate the local velocity of the fluid using Bernoulli’s equation.
Obstruction Meters and Discharge Methods
Obstruction meters (flow meters): These work by creating a pressure drop by narrowing the passage of the fluid. The main ones are the
Read MoreNon-Conventional Machining Processes: EDM, ECM, LBM, EBM, USM, PAM
Part A — Section A Answers
i. Electrolyte is used in electric discharge machining.
👉 False
ii. Dielectric is used in EDM (Electric Discharge Machining) process.
iii. Full form of LASER:
👉 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
iv. Full form of TPM:
👉 Total Productive Maintenance
v. For precise and narrow cutting which machining process is suitable?
👉 Laser Beam Machining (LBM)
vi. Non-conducting material can be machined in EDM.
👉 False
vii. Name any shielding gas used in arc
Read MoreMachining Processes: Conventional vs. Non-Conventional Techniques
Maintenance Fundamentals
Importance of Maintenance
Maintenance is the activity of keeping machines, equipment, and systems in proper working condition so that they perform efficiently and safely throughout their service life.
Key Benefits of Maintenance
Increases Equipment Life – Regular maintenance reduces wear and tear.
Improves Reliability – Machines work smoothly with fewer breakdowns.
Ensures Safety – Prevents accidents due to machine failure.
Reduces Breakdown Cost – Early detection avoids
Physics Lab Experiments: Electricity and Magnetism
Activity: Magnetic Field Near Current-Carrying Conductor
To observe the deflection of a magnetic needle placed near a conductor carrying current.
Apparatus and Materials:
Magnetic needle, battery, ammeter, rheostat, key, conducting wire, etc.
Theory:
When electric current passes through a conductor, a magnetic field is produced around it.
Procedure:
- Remove magnetic substances from the table and place the magnetic needle on it. Connect the cell, rheostat, key, and ammeter in series with the experimental
Industrial Filtration Equipment: Types and Operation
1. Plate and Frame Filter
Definition
A plate and frame filter is a pressure filtration equipment used to separate solids from liquids by passing the slurry through filter cloths placed between plates and frames.
Construction
It consists of alternate plates and frames made of cast iron or stainless steel. Each plate is covered with a filter cloth. The frames provide space for solid (cake) collection. The whole assembly is held tightly in a press with inlet and outlet connections.
Working
The slurry is
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