Internal leakage in
8 Explain the working principle of Ultrasonic Testing (UT). Describe the differences between The Pulse-Echo Method and the Transmission Method in UT.
Working Principle of Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
The fundamental principle of UT involves the use of high-frequency sound waves (ultrasonic vibrations) to probe the internal structure of a material.
Generation:
A pulser sends high-voltage electrical pulses to a transducer.
Conversion:
The transducer, containing piezoelectric crystals, converts this electrical
Essential Metrology and Measurement Systems Explained
1. Instruments for Angular Measurement
The following four instruments are commonly used for angular measurement:
- Bevel Protractor: Used for measuring angles between two surfaces with a vernier scale.
- Sine Bar: Used in conjunction with slip gauges to measure angles accurately based on trigonometry.
- Angle Gauges: Hardened steel blocks of precise angles used as reference standards.
- Clinometer: A specialized version of a spirit level used for measuring angles of inclination or slope.
2. Measuring Component
Read MoreEngineering Metals and Alloys in Construction
Q1. Short Notes (5 Marks Each)
Copper Alloys and Their Properties
Copper alloys are formed by mixing copper with other metals to improve strength, corrosion resistance, and workability.
Brass (Cu + Zn): Good corrosion resistance and ductile. Used in fittings, sheets, and decorative items.
Bronze (Cu + Sn): Harder and stronger than brass. Used in bearings and statues.
Gunmetal (Cu + Sn + Zn): Highly resistant to corrosion and wear. Used in valves and pipes.
Cupronickel (Cu + Ni): High resistance to seawater
Essential Electrical Engineering Exam Questions and Answers
Essential Electrical Engineering Exam Q&A
Here are detailed answers in English for all questions (exam-ready) 📘✍️
Q1. Difference Between AC and DC Supply
AC (Alternating Current) Supply: Alternating current is the type of electrical supply in which the magnitude and direction of current change periodically with time. The waveform of AC is usually sinusoidal. AC is used for power transmission because it can be easily stepped up or stepped down using transformers.
Characteristics of AC
- Direction
DC Machine Fundamentals: Construction and Working Principles
What Is a DC Machine?
A DC machine is an electromechanical energy conversion device. Its working principle is based on the interaction between electric current flowing through a coil and a magnetic field, which generates a torque that rotates the DC motor. DC machines are classified into two primary types: DC generators and DC motors.
Construction of a DC Machine
Yoke
Also known as the frame, the yoke provides mechanical support for the poles and protects the internal components from moisture, dust,
Read MorePhysics Lab Experiments: Optics and Circuits
Physics Laboratory Procedures and Principles
Experiment 1: Focal Length of a Convex Lens Using a Graph
AIM: To find the focal length of a convex lens using a graph.
PRINCIPLE: For an object placed at a distance $u$ from the pole of a lens with focal length $f$, the image is formed at a distance $v$ from the pole. The relation between these distances is given by the lens formula: $\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} – \frac{1}{u}$ (or $\frac{uv}{u+v}$ if rearranged for $f$).