Power Supply Units and Electronic Oscillator Circuits
Power Supply Units (PSUs) and Operation
Defining Power Supply Units (PSUs)
A PSU is an electronic device capable of transforming the AC voltage from the industrial distribution network (50 Hz) into voltage suitable for powering electronic devices.
Switched Power Supplies vs. Linear Sources
A Switched Power Supply is an electronic device that converts electrical energy by switching transistors. While a voltage regulator uses transistors biased in the active region of amplification, switching power supplies
Read MoreEssential Concepts in Measurement and Instrumentation Systems
Draw and explain working of ramp type ADC with block diagram and waveform.
Working Principle:
Start
Signal
A start signal initializes the ramp generator and resets the counter.
Ramp
Generation
The ramp generator starts generating the sawtooth waveform.
Comparison
The comparator continuously compares the ramp voltage with the analog input voltage.
Counting
As long as the ramp voltage is lower than the analog input, clock pulses are allowed to pass through the gate circuit and are counted by the counter.
Stop
Read MoreMaterial Characterization & Non-Destructive Testing Methods
Metallurgical Optical Microscope
A metallurgical optical microscope, also known as a metallographic microscope, is a specialized type of optical microscope designed for the examination and analysis of opaque materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers. It is a valuable tool in materials science, metallurgy, and other fields where the microstructure of materials needs to be studied.
Working Principle
The working principle of a metallurgical optical microscope is based on the reflection and refraction
Read MoreAudio Amplifier and Signal Processing Fundamentals
In an amplifier, the maximum input level is: The maximum allowable stress in your entry without causing saturation distortion.
The mixing of two frequencies within the amplifier is called: Intermodulation distortion.
The order of a filter indicates: The selectivity of the filter.
Speaking of the resonant frequency of a filter, we mean: The frequency of best response.
The loudspeaker capable of reproducing frequencies from 200 Hz to 8 kHz is: The Squawk.
The dynamic range of a signal is: The amplitude
Read MorePiping System Fundamentals & Component Insights
Applying Insulation to Pipes
- Clean the pipe surface thoroughly to remove dirt and moisture.
- Choose appropriate insulation material, such as mineral wool or fiberglass.
- Wrap or place the insulation securely around the pipe.
- Secure the insulation using bands, wires, or specialized adhesives.
- Cover with protective cladding (e.g., aluminum, PVC) for enhanced durability and weather resistance.
Role of Insulation and Painting in Pipe Engineering
Pipe Insulation Benefits
- Reduces heat loss or gain, improving thermal
Understanding Resistors: Types, Features, and Applications
RESISTORS: Components that oppose the current.
Types: Linear, Nonlinear, Variable.
LINEAR RESISTORS FIXED:
Features:
1. Nominal Resistance (RN): Expected value in ohms of resistance at 25ºC.
2. Tolerance: Difference between the upper and lower resistance values.
3. Power Rating (PN): Maximum continuous power the component can dissipate without deteriorating.
4. Maximum Voltage (Vmax): Maximum AC voltage (50Hz) or DC voltage the component can withstand at a specified working temperature.
5. Series Critical