Heat Transfer Modes: Radiation, Planck’s Law, and Convection Analysis
Radiation Heat Transfer Fundamentals
Radiation heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy from a body in the form of electromagnetic waves (mainly infrared radiation).
It does not require any medium, so it can occur even in a vacuum. A common example is the heat reaching Earth from the Sun.
Radiation vs. Conduction and Convection
| Mode | Medium Required? | How Heat Transfers |
|---|---|---|
| Conduction | Yes (solid) | By direct molecular contact |
| Convection | Yes (fluid – liquid/gas) | By actual movement of fluid particles |
| Radiation | No |
·A “Bourdon Tube” is used in: PRESSURE SENSORS
1)CCD Camera?
A CCD (Charge Coupled Device) is an electronic sensor used in cameras to capture digital images
It converts light → electrical charge → digital data
Each pixel stores charge proportional to the light intensity, forming the image
Construction
CCD is based on a MOS (Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor) structure, not a simple pn junction
Main parts:
P-type semiconductor body
Thin silicon dioxide insulating layer
Array of gate electrodes
When a positive voltage is applied to the gate:
Holes are repelled
Read MoreUnderstanding Adaptive Passive Vibration Absorbers and AVC Systems
Adaptive Passive Vibration Absorber (APVA) & Methods: An Adaptive Passive Vibration Absorber is a device that reduces unwanted vibrations in machines or structures. Unlike normal (fixed) passive absorbers, an APVA can adjust its own properties — such as mass, stiffness, or damping — to work effectively even when the vibration frequency changes. It does not require active control or high power, so it is still considered passive, but it can adapt automatically or semi-automatically to new
Read MoreManufacturing Processes Lab: CNC, Welding, Casting, and Lathe Operations
CNC Laser Cutting Machine Operations
Study of CNC Laser Cutting Machine
Objective
To understand the working principle, components, and operation of a CNC laser cutting machine.
Apparatus Required
- CNC laser cutting machine
- Design software (e.g., CorelDRAW or AutoCAD)
- Material sheet (wood, acrylic, etc.)
- Safety goggles
Theory
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) laser cutting is a non-contact thermal process that uses a focused laser beam to cut materials with high precision. The laser melts or vaporizes the material,
Read MorePower Supply Units and Electronic Oscillator Circuits
Power Supply Units (PSUs) and Operation
Defining Power Supply Units (PSUs)
A PSU is an electronic device capable of transforming the AC voltage from the industrial distribution network (50 Hz) into voltage suitable for powering electronic devices.
Switched Power Supplies vs. Linear Sources
A Switched Power Supply is an electronic device that converts electrical energy by switching transistors. While a voltage regulator uses transistors biased in the active region of amplification, switching power supplies
Read MoreEssential Concepts in Measurement and Instrumentation Systems
Draw and explain working of ramp type ADC with block diagram and waveform.
Working Principle:
Start
Signal
A start signal initializes the ramp generator and resets the counter.
Ramp
Generation
The ramp generator starts generating the sawtooth waveform.
Comparison
The comparator continuously compares the ramp voltage with the analog input voltage.
Counting
As long as the ramp voltage is lower than the analog input, clock pulses are allowed to pass through the gate circuit and are counted by the counter.