Master Budgeting: A Comprehensive Guide to Financial Planning
Concept Underlying the Budgeting Process
Budgeting is the process of identifying, gathering, summarizing, and communicating financial and non-financial information about an organization’s future activities. The budgeting process provides managers of all types of organizations with the opportunity to align their organizational goals with the resources necessary to achieve those goals. Budgeting empowers everyone in the organization to understand organizational goals in terms of their responsibilities
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Economic Benefits
Supplies are considered cash subject to periodic or ad hoc nature granted to individuals or families to facilitate their social integration, support for caring for dependents, to alleviate temporary situations of need or minimum subsistence guarantee. The award requires the prior demonstration that meet certain requirements. They are part of them, providing income economic spoils of insertion for the access to which sets out a number of requirements.
- The social emergency economic
Global Marketing Strategies and Management
Market Environment
Macro Environment (Long-Term & Uncontrollable)
Political (Home & Host), Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal + Cultural:
Attitudes, beliefs, motivation, morality… High and low context. National (meanings, unconditional, born into, totally immersed) and organizational (shared behaviors, conditional, socialize into, partly involved).
Economic:
Population, income = purchasing power parity, consumption patterns, infrastructure, social development…
Market
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Financial Analysis and Valuation
REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust)
REITs pay no corporate tax; however, investors pay taxes on their investment income, including interest, dividends, and capital gains.
Income Statement Analysis
- EPS (Earnings Per Share) = Net Income / Shares Outstanding
Balance Sheet Analysis
- Assets = Liabilities + Equity
- Enterprise Value = Market Value of Equity + Debt – (Cash + Marketable Securities)
- Net Working Capital = Current Assets + Current Liabilities
- Current Ratio = Current Assets
Organizational Structures and Principles
Organization
Early Organizations
The earliest organizations were the military and the church, characterized by their vertical and authoritarian hierarchies. These structures are often represented as pyramids, with authority concentrated at the top and diminishing towards the base.
Organizing
Organizing is the process of creating formal work structures within a company. This involves:
- Establishing a hierarchy of authority
- Departmentalizing by function
- Defining accountability for each work area
Departmentalization
Read MoreCircular Flow of Income and Measurement of National Income in India
Circular Flow of Income in Different Sectors
Household Sector
Households provide factor services to firms, the government, and the foreign sector. In return, they receive factor payments. Households also receive transfer payments from the government and the foreign sector. Households spend their income on:
- Payment for goods and services purchased from firms
- Tax payments to the government
- Payments for imports
Firms
Firms receive revenue from households, the government, and the foreign sector for the sale
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