Understanding Government Revenue & Credit Operations in Brazil

Posted by on Aug 23, 2024 in Economy | 0 comments

Government Revenue and Credit Operations in Brazil

Credit Operations

The Ministry of Finance (MF) verifies compliance with limits and conditions for obtaining loans from government entities. This includes:

  • Inclusion in the budget or additional credit resources from the operation, within limits and conditions established by the Federal Senate.
  • Specific authorization from the Senate for foreign credit operations.
  • The Senate can return the Treasury’s request for authorization if the documentation for a
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International Trade Terms & Customs Procedures: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted by on Aug 23, 2024 in Economy | 0 comments

International Trade Terms & Customs Procedures

Incoterms (International Commercial Terms)

Delivery Terms:

EXW (Ex-Works):

Seller makes goods available at their premises (factory, warehouse, etc.). Buyer is responsible for all transportation and risks from that point.

FCA (Free Carrier):

Seller delivers goods to the carrier designated by the buyer at a named place. Risk transfers to the buyer upon delivery to the carrier.

FAS (Free Alongside Ship):

Seller delivers goods alongside the vessel at the named

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Spanish Taxation Overview: Income Tax, Inheritance Tax, and IRPF

Posted by on Aug 23, 2024 in Economy | 0 comments

INCOME TAX

Directness, Personal, and Subjective Nature

Objective: Charged on corporate income and other legal entities.

Scope

Applies throughout the Spanish territory.

Chargeable Event: Source of income, whatever its source or origin, by the taxable person.

Allocation of Income

  • Civil societies, whether or not they have legal personality.
  • Vacant inheritance: Succession that can be tested or intestate.
  • Community-Civil society of assets.

Liable Subjects

  • Legal entities, other than civil societies with income under
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Vertical Integration in the Value Chain: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted by on Aug 23, 2024 in Economy | 0 comments

Chapter 12: Vertical Relations in the Value Chain

Boundaries of the Firm

The vertical value chain flows from upstream to downstream as follows:

  1. Acquisition of Raw Materials
  2. Production & Operations
  3. Support Service
  4. Sale of Finished Product
  5. Customer Service

Organizing the vertical chain is crucial to business strategy. Key decisions involve determining which steps to perform internally (make) and which to outsource (buy).

Vertical Integration

Vertical integration involves combining separate stages of the

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Understanding Government and Market Interactions: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted by on Aug 23, 2024 in Economy | 0 comments

1. What is a Deadweight Loss?

Deadweight loss occurs when supply and demand are not in equilibrium. When consumers do not feel the price of a good or service is justified when compared to the perceived utility, they are less likely to purchase the item. With the reduced level of trade, the allocation of resources may become inefficient, which can lead to a reduction in overall welfare within a society.

Examples:

  • Minimum wage and living wage laws can create a deadweight loss by causing employers to
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Introduction to Business Administration

Posted by on Aug 23, 2024 in Economy | 0 comments

Economic and Social Functions of a Business

Economic Function

Maximize resources, both material and human.

Social Function

Meeting the needs of clients and serving as a source of work.

Marketing

1. Commercialization or Marketing

Marketing as a Philosophy

  • Guidance to the product: Concern for efficiency and productivity.
  • Sales orientation: Advertising campaigns to encourage customer purchases.
  • Client orientation: Knowing and satisfying the customer, including post-sale recommendations.
  • Orientation towards society:
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