Understanding Money, Interest Rates, and Bond Markets
What is Money?
Money is anything generally accepted as payment for goods and services or in settlement of debts. In barter economies, where goods and services are traded directly, transaction costs are high. Barter economies typically reduce these costs by using a commodity money, a good with value independent of its use as money. Using money allows for specialization, crucial for high productivity.
Functions of Money
Money provides four key services:
- Medium of exchange: Facilitates transactions.
- Unit
International Trade: Key Concepts and Definitions
International Trade: Key Concepts
Licensing and Exporting
- Licensing: Allowing someone to produce using your brand.
- Exporting: Producing in your own country and selling abroad.
Outsourcing and Offshoring
- Outsourcing: Contracting out a business function, commonly one performed in-house, to an external provider.
- Offshoring: The relocation by a company of a business process from one country to another, usually an operational process such as manufacturing, or a supporting process such as accounting.
Trade Agreements
- Multilateralism:
Internet’s Impact on Business and Spain’s Economic Crisis
Business and the Internet
The evolution of technology is accelerating year after year. Since the beginning of this millennium, with the arrival of the Internet, the world’s society is changing in different ways and sectors. The influence of the ‘net of nets’ is enormous. For example, it is possible to connect with a person on the other side of the world and also buy and rent different products. Thus, the Internet has generated a new market that is increasing its customer base every day.
This new industry
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Market Skimming Pricing
Setting a high price for a new product to maximize revenues from the segment that is most willing to buy it.
- Introduce the product at a high price.
- Reduce the price for the second-tier segment.
- Reduce the price again for the third-tier segment.
- Continue this process as needed.
Conditions:
- The product must be perceived by customers as having high quality.
- There must be a large enough segment willing to pay the high price.
- Revenues must exceed the costs of producing on a small scale.
Cash Flow, Income Statements, and Financial Position
CASH FLOWS FORECASTING AND WORKING CAPITAL:
Why cash is important to a b?
(Cash:liquid asset,meaning it can be auickly spend on goods/services)
cash flow: the flow in and out of a b over a period of time
without enough cash, bs face is
sues like: inability lo pay workers, suplliers, or other obligations; prod halt(workers wont work withouy pay, suppliers won’t deliver without payment) and possible liquidation-sellimg assets to pay debts.
Cash inflows:
sums of money recieved by a b during a certain
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Marketing Essentials
The 4 P’s of Marketing: Price, Place, Promotion. Making effective decisions about which “medium” to use to promote your product is essential. The decision will be influenced by:
- The target audience
- Size of the market
Types of Promotion
- Loyalty programs: Marketing efforts that reward a person for frequent purchases and the consumption of offerings.
- Coupons: A voucher entitling the holder to a discount off a particular product.
- Discounts: Deduction of the price of something.
- Mobile