Economic Operators, Resource Allocation, and Economic Theory
Economic Operators
Economic operators are the decision-makers within an economic system, engaging in core activities to produce, consume, and accumulate. These include:
- Families: Make decisions about consumption and savings, determining what goods and services to buy to meet their needs.
- Companies: Economic units that produce goods and services, combining and organizing factors of production to create end products.
- Government: Governs the operation of the system, influencing the economy through taxation,
Job Intermediation: Methods, Agencies, and Recruitment
Job Intermediation: Methods of Job Search
Methods of job search include:
- Friends, relatives, and acquaintances
- Internet and newspaper ads
- Employment agencies
- Red EURES: Job Search in Europe
- Temporary employment agencies (ETT)
- Search firms or direct recruitment firms
- Job boards of professional associations, universities, and business associations
- Unions
Job placement is a set of measures intended to bring together the supply and demand of work, providing workers with jobs suited to their characteristics and
Read MoreKey Concepts in Accounting: Financial, Managerial, and Cost
Financial Accounting
The use of accounting information for reporting to parties outside the organization.
Managerial Accounting
Specialists in using the tools of managerial accounting to help the organization and its managers operate effectively.
Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
The executive responsible for all accounting and finance functions in an organization.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
Accountants must follow GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles).
Activity Accounting
The
VAT Special Regimes: Agriculture and Equivalence Charge
Monthly Return
The 2008 reform introduced the option for a monthly settlement period. The conditions or requirements are:
- Be registered in the Tax Agency’s monthly returns register.
- Be current on tax obligations.
Consequences:
- A monthly settlement period in which a refund can be claimed.
- Filing self-assessment electronically.
- Filing an information record book.
Special Schemes
1. Agriculture System
Its regulation is in article 124. It refers to the primary sector of the economy, and waiver applies unless otherwise
Read MoreAirline Finance: Funding Sources and Financial Statements
Airline Finance
Sources of Funds
Internal Sources:
- Net Earnings
- Depreciation
- Deferred Taxes
External Sources:
- Debt Financing
- Equity Financing
- Leasing
- Vendor Financing
- Venture Capital
Net Earnings
The best and most desired source of funds is net earnings.
- Net earnings = Gross revenues – (taxes + interest + depreciation + other expenses)
If it is a publicly traded company with floating stocks in the capital market, then the company’s board of directors decides how much of the earnings should go to owners (stockholders)
Read MoreEconomic Principles: GDP, Growth, Fiscal Policy, and Trade
Chapter 8: GDP
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a year. It is a monetary measure and avoids multiple counting by only including final goods (excluding intermediate goods).
Formula: GDP = C + Ig + G + Xn
- C (Personal Consumer Expenditure): Spending by households on goods and services.
- Ig (Gross Private Domestic Investment): Net private domestic investment plus depreciation.
- G (Government Purchases): Government spending