Corporate Finance: Mergers, Goodwill, SEBI Rules, Debt, and Cash Flow
Amalgamation: Merger vs. Purchase
Here’s a clear distinction between amalgamation in the nature of merger and amalgamation in the nature of purchase:
Amalgamation in the Nature of Merger
- Pooling of Interests: Two or more companies combine to form a new entity, pooling their assets, liabilities, and interests.
- No Consideration: No payment is made by one company to the other; instead, shares are exchanged.
- Common Control: The combined entity is controlled by the shareholders of the amalgamating companies.
Gold Standard, Free Trade, and Protectionism Explained
The Gold Standard
The gold standard is a monetary system in which a country’s currency is pegged to the value of gold. In other words, the value of the currency is directly linked to the value of gold. Under this system, people can exchange their currency for a corresponding amount of gold.
Key Features:
- Fixed exchange rate: The value of the currency is fixed in terms of gold. For example, if the exchange rate is $20 per ounce of gold, then one ounce of gold can be exchanged for $20.
- Gold backing: The
Fiscal and Monetary Policies: Impact on the Economy
Fiscal Policy as an Economic Stabilizer
In fiscal policy, an automatic stabilizer is a tool that works automatically, with no need for the government to take further steps. It acts when certain circumstances occur, affecting the level of income, employment, or prices. One example is the withholding tax.
- a) To increase the rent, the amount withheld increases and slows the increase of money in public hands, which can slow the increase in demand by withdrawing liquid money. It is automatic and does not
Income Tax Act 1961: Key Concepts and Rules
Short-Term vs. Long-Term Capital Assets
Here’s a 6-mark answer distinguishing between Short-term Capital Assets and Long-term Capital Assets as per the Income Tax Act, 1961:
| Basis of Difference | Short-term Capital Assets | Long-term Capital Assets |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Assets held for 36 months or less | Assets held for more than 36 months |
| Period of Holding | 36 months or less | More than 36 months |
| Taxability | Gains are taxed as Short-term Capital Gains (STCG) | Gains are taxed as Long-term Capital Gains (LTCG) |
| Tax Rates | Taxed at slab |
Key Factors Shaping the Business Environment
The business environment plays a crucial role in shaping an organization. Internal elements such as personnel, resources, assets, and systems interact among themselves and with external elements of the environment.
Environment
The environment consists of external or exogenous factors that cannot be controlled by the organization. These elements are also called the context, such as economic, political, social, ecological, moral, and technological factors.
Economic Environment
The economic environment
Read MoreBusiness Structures, Administration, and Theories
Business Structures
- f) Corporation: A capital divided into parts called shares, which represent the ownership share of the partner (which entitles you to participate in the distribution of profits).
- g) Unlimited Company: Partners contribute capital. It is intended to limit its growth, the number of partners, and the ease of transfer of shares (securities that represent a part of capital).
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h) Intermediate or Joint Ventures:
- Limited Partnerships: Partnerships in which certain partners (with the capital