Understanding Neurodevelopmental and Learning Disorders
Articulation, Speech, and Language Impairments
Articulation Disorder
- Refers to problems making speech sounds and with phonological processing skills.
- Seen mostly in young children (preschool age).
- Diagnosed if children do not outgrow common articulation errors (e.g., “wabbit” instead of “rabbit;” “nana” instead of “banana”).
- May be more common in developmental disorders (e.g., autism), genetic syndromes (e.g., Down syndrome), hearing loss, illness, or neurological disorders (e.g., cerebral
The Science of Bilingualism and CLIL Pedagogy
Module 1: Foundations of Bilingualism
In 1950, some educators believed that learning a second language (L2) during childhood would negatively impact the development of the first language (L1), potentially confusing the child. However, research later challenged this view.
Cummins’ Key Hypotheses
In 1980, Jim Cummins proposed two foundational hypotheses:
- Developmental Interdependence Hypothesis: This supports the idea that if children possess a strong level of organization and conceptual knowledge in
Cognitive Processes and Knowledge Types in Second Language Acquisition
Cognitive Processes in Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
This section examines how our mind receives and processes information during language acquisition. It explores how processed information becomes knowledge and functions within our cognitive system.
Types of Knowledge in SLA
Knowledge types discussed include:
- Acquired vs. Learned knowledge
- Declarative vs. Procedural knowledge
- Implicit vs. Explicit learning/knowledge
Both declarative and procedural knowledge are stored in our brain.
How Linguistic Knowledge
Read MorePakistan’s Education System: Policies, Aims, and Fields
Foundational Principles of Education in Pakistan
Message from the First Education Minister
At the first educational conference, the education minister gave top priority to the spiritual element in education. He said that if this element is ignored, it can have dangerous and devastating consequences. The tragedy of modern education, he argued, was evident in the two World Wars. These wars and scientific inventions have taught us that if the development of human morality and spirituality is ignored,
Read MorePantomime, Didactics, and Motor Action Taxonomies
Pantomime and Mime: Definition and Educational Value
Pantomime is a performance in which actors express actions through gestures, movements, and attitudes of the body, without using words. The distinction between the two forms is crucial:
- Mime: Purely emotional expression.
- Pantomime: The expression of specific ideas.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Pantomime
Advantages (V)
- Uses a universal language.
- Is a means to convey instruction.
- Develops imagination and creativity.
- Excellent for developing communication
CLIL Teacher Professional Development: Competencies and Best Practices
European Perspective on CLIL Teacher Education
Professional Profile of CLIL Teachers
This section addresses key questions and insights regarding CLIL teaching and its implementation.
Key Aspects of CLIL Teaching
- Advantage of CLIL: Students are exposed to English for extended periods. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and CLIL are highly compatible.
- Teaching Academic Subjects in a Foreign Language: Most CLIL teachers prioritize content instruction over explicit language teaching.
- Integrating Language