Capital Punishment vs. Life Imprisonment: Key Differences

Posted by on Jun 20, 2026 in Criminology | 0 comments

Comparing Capital Punishment and Life Imprisonment

Capital Punishment

  • The inmate is executed.
  • Completely irreversible if an error occurs.
  • Ends quickly on the execution date.
  • Higher costs due to complex and long appeals.
  • Banned by most international treaties.
  • Never optioned; the sentence is final.

Life Imprisonment

  • The inmate stays in prison.
  • Reversible if new evidence proves innocence.
  • Lasts until the natural death of the inmate.
  • Lower costs compared to capital punishment cases.
  • Accepted as the maximum standard
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Legal Terminology and Dust Bowl Historical Context

Posted by on May 29, 2026 in Criminology | 0 comments

Key Roles in a Courtroom Trial

1. The Judge

Judges keep trials fair, stay neutral, handle objections, and decide punishments. UK judges still wear wigs.

2. The Witness

Witnesses speak in the witness box and must tell the truth. Lying under oath is a serious crime called perjury. In the US, defendants can refuse to testify.

3. The Prosecution

The prosecution tries to prove the accused is guilty. In criminal cases, the state brings charges for serious crimes. In civil cases, a plaintiff sues for compensation.

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Legal positivism” “meaning and scope of legal rules

Posted by on May 1, 2026 in Criminology | 0 comments

1. FOUNDATIONS OF LAW & JUSTICE ★ VERY HIGH PRIORITY

Law= rules enacted by the state
Justice= fairness;
law can be valid but produce unfair outcomes

Social Construction of Crime:


Crime is shaped by politics, power, and society — not the behaviour itself. The legal status of an act is a result of social response to it.

  • Moral entrepreneurs:


    individuals/groups who pressure legislators to criminalize behaviours

Models of Law:


  • Value consensus law reflects shared values and community norms
  • Conflict law
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Understanding White-Collar Crime Dynamics and Corporate Accountability

Posted by on Mar 12, 2026 in Criminology | 0 comments

1. White-Collar Crime Context

Why can white-collar crime not be understood solely by analyzing the illegal act?

White-collar crime cannot be understood solely by the illegal act because its definition is closely linked to the author’s social, economic, and organizational status. These crimes are committed by individuals who hold positions of power or trust within organizations, which enables them to access resources, information, and opportunities not available to others.

Furthermore, the organizational

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Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita: Crime Definitions, Elements & Punishments

Posted by on Feb 18, 2026 in Criminology | 0 comments

Module 1: Definition of Crime

1. Definition of Crime

1.1 Meaning and Concept

The term crime is derived from the Latin word crimen, meaning offence or fault.

A crime is an act or omission that violates the law, causes harm to an individual or to society, and is punishable by the State. It represents conduct that the State considers socially dangerous and therefore prohibits through legislation.

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) does not define crime in a single provision, but the entire Sanhita

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Arrest Law in Malaysia: Arrest, Rights & Search Procedures

Posted by on Feb 12, 2026 in Criminology | 0 comments

Arrest: Introduction and Legal Basis

TOPIC: ARREST (INTRODUCTION): Arrest is the first step in the criminal justice process. Article 5(1) of the Federal Constitution protects personal liberty and states that no one can be deprived of liberty unless it is according to law. Therefore, an arrest must be made lawfully and based on legal provisions. An arrest can be challenged in court if it has no valid reason or if excessive force is used.

Why determine whether there is an arrest? Some rights of a suspect

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