Understanding Computer Architecture: MIPS Assembly and Memory

Posted by on Jan 21, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

Sign Magnitude

  • The leftmost bit (most significant bit) represents the sign:
    • 1 – Negative
    • 0 – Positive
  • 00000101SM = 5
  • 10000101SM = -5

Two’s Complement

  • Positive numbers are identical to unsigned numbers.
  • To negate an unsigned number to its negative:
    • Go to the rightmost 1 and flip all bits to the left.
    • Example: -610 to (-1) * 01102 to 10102TC

Sign Extension

  • If unsigned/2TC is positive, add zeroes to fill out the byte.
  • If 2TC is negative, add ones to fill out the byte.
  • Generally, add whichever is the leftmost bit
Read More

Understanding Key Network Protocols: ARP, BOOTP, ICMP, IP, RARP

Posted by on Jan 20, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

Key Network Protocols Explained

4. ARP Protocol Functionality

The ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is crucial for TCP/IP networks. It resolves IP addresses to physical MAC addresses, enabling communication on Ethernet networks. A machine needs both the MAC and IP address to send a message. If the MAC address is unknown, a broadcast message is sent, and the owner of the IP address responds with its MAC address.

5. BOOTP Protocol Information

BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol) is a UDP network protocol that allows

Read More

Understanding the Session Layer: Communication Protocols

Posted by on Jan 19, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

Session Layer: Communication Protocols and Synchronization

The first problem is that your messages can be crossed during the conversation. Both of you can type messages at exactly the same time, interrupting each other. The second problem is the need to stop (to save the current conversation as a file) or verify the previous conversation of each (to get clues of the reason for discussion) or to resynchronize the communication after a break.

  • To solve the first problem, you should establish a protocol
Read More

Understanding the Internet: Key Terms and Concepts

Posted by on Jan 17, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

Unit 5: The Internet – Key Definitions

These are the definitions and concepts of Unit 5, Item 4 of the book, pp. 94, 95. Each definition is written as simply and briefly as possible, followed by some clarifications for better understanding. I hope this helps you.

Internet

A worldwide network of computers that emerged from the interconnection of thousands of local networks worldwide through routers and gateways. The various interconnected networks are highly heterogeneous, i.e., different in nature,

Read More

Transport Layer: Congestion Control, Flow Control, TCP & UDP

Posted by on Jan 15, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

What is Congestion Control in the Transport Layer?

Congestion control is an algorithm used in TCP that reacts to certain events occurring in the network. It sends packets without reservation, preventing packet loss in a router. It involves increasing the transmission rate, testing the available bandwidth until leakage occurs.

What is Flow Control in the Transport Layer?

Flow control is an algorithm that prevents the sender from overflowing the receiver’s buffer by transmitting data too quickly. The

Read More

Effective Information Gathering Techniques for Businesses

Posted by on Jan 14, 2025 in Contemporary Music Composition | 0 comments

Information Gathering

Business

Collect:

  • crunchbase.com or www.inc.com
  • Cached and archived sites: archive.org, Google (cache: URL)

Financial

  • Harvesting (emails, files, PDFs, etc.):

CASE I

  • theHarvester -d site -l 100 -b google
  • ORG (domain): Google (site: filetype:)

Social Media

  • People: LinkedIn, site:, www.pipl.com, Spokeo, People Finders, Crunchbase

Infrastructure

  • Domains, Netblocks or IPs, MX, ISPs, etc.
  • Whois – owner, DNS, MX, Exp

DNS Enumeration

  • DNSdumpster, DNSenum, DNSmap
  • nslookup site
  • rev – nslookup -type=PTR
  • nslookup
Read More