Network Protocols: Electronic Mail, HTTP, TCP, UDP, and ARP
Application Layer: Electronic Mail
Electronic mail is a core application within internet networks.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- TCP/IP based for simple text message delivery.
- Independent of message/data format.
- Utilizes information in the message header.
- Message body content is not inspected.
MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension)
- Enables delivery of various data types (images, video, etc.).
Basic Operation:
- Messages are created using a user agent program (mail client) containing:
- Header: Recipient
Internet Fundamentals: Protocols (TCP/IP, DNS) and Collaboration Tools
Packet Switching Protocol: Understanding TCP/IP
The Internet connects computers around the world regardless of the operating system used and the subnet to which they belong. A common and unique protocol is necessary so that all computers can correctly interpret and understand the information that flows between them.
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
The TCP/IP is actually a system of protocols, based on dividing the information into packets at the source. These packets are sent through the network, traveling
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Comprehensive Networking Q&A: Protocols and Addressing
This document provides detailed answers covering essential networking topics, including IP addressing, subnetting calculations, IPv6 notation, routing protocols (OSPF, RIP), core services (DHCP, UDP), and network security fundamentals.
IP Addressing and Subnetting Calculations
Subnetting 10.0.0.0/9 (Class A)
- Subnet Mask: 255.128.0.0
- Number of Possible Networks: 2 (Since 1 bit is borrowed from the Class A default /8)
- Total IP Addresses per Network:
Network Fundamentals: Protocols, Addressing, and Security Concepts
1. Core Network Protocols: WWW and HTTP
Protocol Definition
A protocol is a set of rules and conventions that govern the communication between devices in a network.
It ensures data is sent, received, and understood properly between computers or network devices.
World Wide Web (WWW)
The WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents and resources accessed via the internet using a web browser. It uses the HTTP protocol to transfer web pages from the server to the client. Components of the WWW include:
Read MoreNetwork Transport Layer: Functions & Protocols Explained
Transport Layer Functions
The primary function of the transport layer is to facilitate reliable communication between communicating endpoints. This involves tracking errors and managing flow control (typically between the source and destination) to prevent data loss.
Beyond these core functions, the transport layer can multiplex multiple application-level connections into a single network connection. This reduces costs, for instance, when a service provider charges based on connection time and count.
Local Network Setup & File Sharing for Windows PCs
Testing Network Connectivity with Ping
Once your computers are configured and connected via cable, you will test whether both computers can communicate with each other. Open a command console by going to Start, Run, then typing CMD. (For Windows 98 or Me, use COMMAND instead of CMD.)
Then, once the console is open on either computer, type ping followed by the other computer’s IP address. For example, if you are on the computer whose IP is 192.168.0.1, you would type ping 192.168.0.2.
If this command
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