Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus: A Deep Dive
Introduction to the SPI Bus
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus is a synchronous, full-duplex communication standard primarily used for data transfer between integrated circuits in electronic equipment. It utilizes a clock line, incoming and outgoing data lines, and a chip select pin to control device communication.
SPI Bus Management in C
Four C functions are associated with the SPI module when the microcontroller hardware selects SSP. These functions provide a software implementation of the
Read MoreUnderstanding POP3: Email Retrieval Protocol
POP3: Post Office Protocol
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) is an application protocol used to retrieve emails from a remote mail server. This document provides a complete specification of the protocol, considering each of these features:
- Services offered by the protocol.
- Assumptions of the environment, i.e., the context or setting in which this protocol works.
- Vocabulary, the set of messages that use the protocol to indicate their status.
- Coding, the format used for sending the messages used by
Operating Systems: A Deep Dive
1. Operating System Definitions
A set of algorithms and procedures/programs designed to:
- Allocate resources (any element providing a service) to processes (any running program/task). This focuses on efficacy, maximizing resource use (e.g., Unix).
- Provide a user-friendly interface. This prioritizes comfort (e.g., Windows) and utilizes a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based on WIMP technology:
- Windows
- Icons
- Mouse
- Pull-down Menus
Resource: Any factor providing a service (e.g., graphics card, data bus).
Process:
Read MoreUnderstanding Operating Systems: From Batch Processing to Multiprogramming
What is an Operating System?
An Operating System (OS) is software that manages and controls all the resources of a computer system holistically.
The First Operating Systems
- No operating system was available. Operation was done manually through the console.
- Programs were written, and the execution start address was specified.
- Magnetic tapes or punch cards were used.
- The console allowed monitoring of program implementation, and users had access to memory registers to identify program errors.
- Results were
Concurrent Applications and Operating System Scheduling
Concurrent Applications
1. Define a Competing Application and Give an Example
A competing application, also known as a concurrent application, is structured so that different parts of the code can run concurrently.
2. What is Mutual Exclusion and How is it Implemented?
Mutual exclusion prevents two or more processes from accessing the same resource simultaneously.
3. What’s Wrong with Disabling Interrupts for Mutual Exclusion?
This solution, though simple, has some limitations. First, multiprogramming
Read MoreKey Concepts in Object-Oriented Programming
Functions
A function is part of a program with a name. It can be invoked from another part of the program as often as desired. A function is a block of code that can be run as a functional unit, receive values, execute, and return a value.
Arrays
An array is a set of data that is stored contiguously in memory under the same name.
Concurrency
Concurrency distinguishes an active object from a non-active one and allows multiple objects to act concurrently.
Abstraction
Abstraction takes the most important
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