Operating Systems: Core Concepts and Mechanisms
Distributed and Parallel Operating Systems
Distributed Operating Systems:
- Manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear as a single system to the user.
- Focuses on resource sharing, fault tolerance, and transparency.
- Examples: Network OS, Cloud OS.
Parallel Operating Systems:
- Manages multiple processors in a single system to perform tasks simultaneously.
- Aims to enhance computation speed and resource utilization.
- Examples: Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP), Cluster systems.
Critical Section
Read MoreKey Network Protocols: IPv4, DHCP, SMTP, DNS, UDP, TCP, FTP, HTTP
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is a network layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite used to uniquely identify devices and route packets across networks. It provides a logical addressing mechanism and ensures data delivery between devices on different networks.
Key Features of IPv4
- 32-bit Addressing: IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, providing approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses. Example:
192.168.1.1. - Packet-Based Communication: Data is broken into packets for transmission
System Reliability, Security, and Access Control in Computing
What is a System?
A system is a set of organized elements that interact.
System Failure Tolerance
What does it mean to be tolerant to system failure? It allows a system to continue operating properly in case of a failure. This is achieved by doubling every system component.
Reliability
Attributes:
- Reliability: Continuity of service.
- Availability: Percentage of time the service is operational.
- Safety: Avoidance of catastrophic consequences.
- Security: Prevention of unauthorized access or intrusion.
System Reliability
- Fault
Network Security: Firewalls, Viruses, and Encryption
What is a Firewall?
A firewall is a network security device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks (like the internet), helping to prevent unauthorized access.
Types of Firewalls
- Packet-Filtering Firewall:
- It inspects each packet of data and checks the source, destination, port number, and protocol against a set of rules.
- Simple and fast but not very
MongoDB Sharding and CAP Theorem in Microservices
Week 9: Setup a MongoDB Cluster
What is MongoDB Sharding?
Sharding is the process of distributing data across multiple machines. MongoDB uses sharding to handle deployments with large data volumes and high-performance demands. Horizontal scaling (scale-out) involves adding machines to manage data load, allowing nearly limitless scaling for big data.
Why Sharding?
Sharding is essential when a single server can’t handle high workloads. It allows horizontal scaling, reducing the strain on individual
Read MoreNetworking Protocols: MIME, HDLC, RIP, OSPF, BGP, ARP, ICMP, TELNET
MIME Protocol
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is an extension of the SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) used to allow email messages to include more than just plain text. MIME enables email to carry multimedia content, such as images, audio, video, and attachments, and it supports different character sets.
Key Features of MIME
- Support for Non-Text Content: Allows the transmission of multimedia content (images, videos, documents) over email, which SMTP alone cannot handle.
- Character Set