Data Structures and File Organization Techniques
Evolution of File Structure Design
The evolution of file structure design is intrinsically linked to the development of storage devices and data processing techniques. As technology progressed, so did the need for efficient and flexible ways to organize and access data.
- In 1963, researchers came up with the idea of AVL trees for data in memory.
- AVL trees, however, did not apply to files because they work well when tree nodes are composed of single records rather than dozens or hundreds of them.
- In the
Data Mining Techniques and Applications
Chapter 1: What is Data Mining?
Data mining is the process of discovering patterns and knowledge from large datasets.
Be Able to Identify Data Mining Tasks
Examples include classification, clustering, association rule discovery, and anomaly detection.
Why Do We Need Data Mining?
To extract useful insights, make predictions, and support decision-making from large and complex datasets.
Understand Classification Definition
Classification assigns predefined labels to data points based on a training dataset.
Read MoreDatabase and Cloud Computing: Key Concepts and Practices
Database Management
What is the Purpose of a Primary Key in a Database Table?
Answer: To enforce data integrity.
What Does ‘Normalization’ Refer to in Database Design?
Answer: The process of eliminating redundancy and maintaining data integrity.
In MongoDB, What is the Equivalent of a Table?
Answer: Collection.
Which Command Finds All Documents in a MongoDB Collection?
Answer: db.collection.find({})
What Does a ‘Shard’ Refer to in MongoDB?
Answer: A partition of data in the cluster.
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Read MoreComputer Architecture: Concepts and Evolution
Chapters on Computer Architecture
Chapter 1
1. The Computer Revolution
Progress in Technology: Enables novel applications like genomics, web services, and search engines.
Applications: Embedded in automobiles, smartphones, and more.
Pervasiveness: Computers are integral to various aspects of life.
2. Classes of Computers
Personal Computers: General-purpose, cost-performance tradeoffs.
Server Computers: Network-based, high capacity and reliability.
Supercomputers: High-end calculations, small market fraction.
Key Concepts in Computer Networking and Routing Protocols
1. Understanding Shadow Copies in Routers
Shadow copies are used in routers because the forwarding decision is made locally at each input port, without invoking the centralized routing processor. Decentralized forwarding avoids creating a forwarding processing bottleneck at a single point within the router.
2. Three Types of Switching Fabrics
- Switching via memory: Fabric switching with the use of CPU.
- Switching via a bus: Fabric switching via shared buses on input and output ports.
- Switching via interconnection
Backtracking Algorithms: N-Queens, Job Scheduling, Knapsack, and Bellman-Ford
N-Queens Problem and Backtracking
The N-Queens problem is a classic computer science challenge. The goal is to place N queens on an N×N chessboard so that no two queens threaten each other. This means no two queens can share the same row, column, or diagonal.
Constraints:
- N queens must be placed on the board.
- No two queens should be on the same row, column, or diagonal.
Backtracking Algorithm
Backtracking explores all possible queen placements using a depth-first search. It builds the solution step by
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