SIP and H.323 Protocols: Architecture, Components, and Functionality

Posted by on Apr 8, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is a signaling protocol used at the application layer to create, modify, and terminate sessions with one or more participants. These sessions can include voice, video, data, and other forms of internet media.

IETF Architecture Protocols

The IETF architecture includes protocols such as:

  • RTP and RTCP: Provide real-time delivery of media.
  • RTSP: A real-time streaming protocol that provides a supply-demand mechanism in real time.
  • SDP: Session
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Understanding Computer Architecture: Buses, Addressing, and Memory

Posted by on Apr 8, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Computer Bus Architecture

Bus: In computer architecture, a bus is a transport mechanism that logically connects several peripherals using the same set of wires. This concept is similar to a shuttle, facilitating internal data transfers within a computer system during operation.

A bus is defined as a set of electrical connectors, typically metal tracks printed on the motherboard, through which signals travel. These signals correspond to the binary machine language used by the microprocessor.

The main

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Cryptography, Socket Programming, and Python OOP Concepts

Posted by on Apr 7, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Cryptography, Socket Programming, and Python OOP

Base64 EncodingBase64 Decoding
import base64 #encoding
encoded_data = base64.b64encode(bytes('D','ascii'))
print("Encoded text with base 64 is")
print(encoded_data) 		import base64 #decoding
decoded_data = base64.b64decode("RW5jb2RlIHRoaXMgdGV4dA==")
print("decoded text is ")
print(decoded_data)

Ciphers and Encoding

  • Caesar’s Cipher: Simple cipher that uses an offset of 3. You just add the offset to the characters.
  • Transposition Cipher: “hello world”
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Core Concepts in C and Python Programming

Posted by on Apr 7, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Role of Functions in Programming

Functions play a crucial role in programming by improving code organization, reusability, and efficiency. Here are five key roles of functions:

  1. Modularity: Functions break down a program into smaller, manageable blocks, making the code easier to understand and maintain.
  2. Reusability: Once defined, a function can be called multiple times, reducing redundancy and avoiding repetitive code.
  3. Abstraction: Functions hide complex logic behind a simple interface, allowing programmers
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Python Programming Essentials

Posted by on Apr 6, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

1. Operators in Python

Operators in Python are special symbols that perform operations on values and variables, called operands. There are seven types of operators in Python:

  • Assignment Operator
  • Arithmetic Operator
  • Logical Operator
  • Comparison Operator
  • Bitwise Operator
  • Membership Operator
  • Identity Operator

2. Data Types in Python

Python supports various data types. Type casting, or converting between these types, is done using functions like int(), float(), complex(), bool(), and str().

  • int(): Converts a value
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Understanding Serial Communication, Conversions, and Voltage

Posted by on Apr 6, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

  • [40HZ 18.75HZ 75000]
  • 8 bit × 75000 samples/sec = 600000 bits/sec
  • 24 × 10^6 / 6 × 10^5 = 40
  • SPPR = 4, SPR = 2 => (4 +1) × 2^(2+1) = 40

SPPR (3bit) = 100 SPPR (3bit) = 010

  • 100010
  • 0100 0010 ⇒ $42


Communication Circuit Programming

  • [baud rate = 19200 9bit = 8 + 1 …… ]
  • (24 × 10^6) / (16 × 19200) = 78 = $004E
  • 00,1 4E,1
  • 13, 1
  • 00011101

x+7cCZyu0IZsQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==

Conversions

  • [1 Mega byte]

1MB =2^20 × 8bits= 8388608 bits

  • [Binary 00100101 to decimal]

1×2^5 + 1×2^2 + 1×2^0 = 37

  • [Hex $A23C to 16 Binary]
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