Embedded Systems: Components, Architecture, and Development
Components of Embedded Systems
An embedded system has three main components:
- Hardware
- Application software: This may perform a series of tasks or multiple tasks concurrently.
- Real-Time Operating System (RTOS): Supervises the application software and provides a mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling, following a plan to control latencies.
Processor
A processor is the heart of an embedded system.
Power Source
There are three possible methods for providing power to an embedded system:
Read MoreDeadlock Management in Multi-Process Systems
In a multi-process system, a deadlock is an undesirable situation that occurs in a shared resource environment. It happens when a process waits indefinitely for a resource held by another process.
For example, consider a set of transactions {T0, T1, T2, …,Tn}. T0 needs resource X, which is held by T1. T1 waits for resource Y, held by T2. T2 waits for resource Z, held by T0. All processes are waiting for each other, and none can finish. This is a deadlock.
Deadlocks are detrimental to a system. When
Read MoreCybersecurity Threats and Roles: A Comprehensive List
Cybersecurity Threats and Roles
Logic Bombs
Logic bombs are certain parts of code in programs that remain dormant, without performing any functions, until they are activated. At that point, the function they perform is not part of the original program, but generally, it is a harmful action.
Covert Channels
Covert channels (or hidden channels) are channels that allow a process to transfer information, violating the security policy of the system. In other words, a process transmits information to others
Read MoreSoftware Development Lifecycle and System Design Principles
Phases in the SDLC
- Project Planning Phase
- Analysis Phase
- Design Phase
- Implementation Phase
- Support Phase
Modality
- Relationships have a modality of either “required” or “optional”, which refers to whether an instance of an entity can exist without a related instance in the related entity.
- Can we have a customer instance without a related custom drone order instance?
- Can we have a customer drone order instance without a customer instance?
- Modality indicates whether the relationship between an entity
Flash Memory and Flip-Flops: Comprehensive Insights
What is Flash Memory?
(Asked in MDU BCA 2023, 2022, 2015, 2021, 2017)
Flash memory is a type of constantly powered, nonvolatile memory. This means that it stores information on a silicon chip in a way that does not need power to maintain the information in the chip. It can be erased and reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks. It is a variation of Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), which, unlike flash memory, is erased and rewritten at the byte level, which is slower
Read MoreC++ Classes, Objects, and OOP Principles
Class
A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines a set of attributes and methods that the objects created from the class will have. A class encapsulates data for the object and methods to manipulate that data.
Object
An object is an instance of a class. It represents a unique occurrence of the class, with its own set of attributes (variables) and methods (functions). Objects are created from classes, following the blueprint provided by the class.
Constructors in C++
In C++, constructors
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