Software Refactoring and Its Impact on Code
Refactoring
What if your design is wrong?
Refactoring is the process of changing a software system:
- In such a way that it does not alter the externally-visible behavior of the code, yet improves its internal structure.
- But many changes will alter externally-visible behavior! Must be careful.
Standard Refactoring
- There are some refactoring operations that can be applied in many places. Whole catalogues are devoted to these.
Rename
- Names matter; fix them when they fail to express purpose clearly.
- Can be applied
Understanding the Internet: Services, Web 2.0, and More
Internet and Services
The Internet is a worldwide network of computers, allowing a large number of devices to connect through various communication protocols. This network provides a wide range of services:
- Web Browsing (WWW): A system of linked documents and files accessible through a web browser.
- E-mail: Sending messages between users.
- Newsgroups, Forums, Instant Messaging
- File Transfer: Quickly transfer files through FTP and file sharing.
- Voice Communication (VoIP) or Videoconference
- Radio, Television,
Java: A Beginner’s Introduction to Programming
Java Programming Language
Identifiers
An identifier is a name given to any element of a program.
Keywords
Predefined identifiers for the exclusive use of the language.
Rules for Identifiers
- Can be any length of characters.
- The first character must be a letter.
- Should not include spaces.
- Can be uppercase or lowercase.
Case Sensitivity
Java is case-sensitive; identifiers like ‘age’, ‘Age’, and ‘AGE’ are considered different.
Points to Remember
- In class names, each word starts with a capital letter.
- The first word
Understanding CPU Interrupts: Types, Handling, and Addressing Modes
Understanding CPU Interrupts
What is an Interrupt?
In computing, an interrupt is the ability of the CPU to pause the execution of a program, execute another routine (the interrupt handler), and then return to the original program to resume execution.
Types of Interrupts
Interrupts can be broadly classified into two types:
Software Interrupts
These are generated by software programs to indicate error conditions, such as:
- Attempting to divide by zero
- Unauthorized memory access
- Attempting to execute an erroneous
Diagramming Techniques and Process Mapping
Diagramming Techniques and Applications
Diagramming is a powerful technique used to visually represent events, situations, movements, relationships, and processes of all kinds using symbols. This document explores various aspects of diagramming, including its advantages, types, and applications.
Key Concepts and Advantages of Diagramming
- What is layout?
Layout is the act of planning and arranging events, situations, movements, and relationships using symbols. - What are some advantages of the diagramming
Understanding Binary: The Foundation of Digital Computing
What is “Digital”?
The term “binary” implies “two.” Thus, the binary number system is a system of numbers based on two possible digits – 0 and 1. This is where the strings of binary digits come in. Each binary digit, or “bit”, is a single 0 or 1, which directly corresponds to a single “switch” in a circuit. Add enough of these “switches” together, and you can represent more numbers. So instead of 1 digit, you end up with 8 to make a byte. (A byte, the basic unit of storage, is simply defined as
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