Understanding Ethernet and IP Addressing in Networking
LLC sublayer handles the communication between the upper layers and the lower layers. This is typically between the networking software and the device hardware. MAC is implemented by hardware, typically in the computer NIC, specifics 802.3 standards. 2 primary res. Media access control,Media access control is responsible for the placement of frames on the media
and the removal of frames from the media,Data encapsulation, frame assembly before transmission and frame disassembly upon reception of a
Read MoreC Programming Concepts: File Handling, Data Structures, and Control Flow
File Opening Modes in C and File Copying
In C, you can open files in various modes, each serving a specific purpose:
File Opening Modes
- “r”: Opens a file for reading. The file must exist.
- “w”: Opens a file for writing. If the file exists, it’s truncated; if it doesn’t exist, a new file is created.
- “a”: Opens a file for appending. Writing operations append data to the end of the file.
- “r+”: Opens a file for both reading and writing. The file must exist.
- “w+”: Opens a file for reading and writing. If the
C Programming Concepts and Examples
What is an Expression and Operator? Discuss Operator Associativity in C. Write a program to find the factorial of a given integer using recursion.
In programming, an expression is a combination of variables, constants, and operators that yields a value. Operators are symbols that perform operations on operands (variables or values).
In C, operator associativity determines the order in which operators of the same precedence are evaluated in an expression. Operators can be left-associative (evaluated
Read MoreNetwork Communication Models and Technologies
TCP/IP Model
Developed by the Department of Defense, the TCP/IP Model is a practical, four or five-layer framework focused on reliable data transfer. It simplifies the OSI Model, aiming to ensure accurate data transmission across networks.
Layers of the TCP/IP Model
Application Layer
Responsible for end-to-end communication and error-free data delivery.
Key protocols include HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, and NTP.
Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)
Ensures reliable data transmission by handling acknowledgment and retransmission
Read MorePython Basics
Expressions and Statements
An expression is a combination of values and operations that creates a new value, which we call a return value—i.e., the value returned by the operation(s). A statement does not return a value, but does perform some task. A statement may have a side effect. Evaluation of a Python expression may not produce a side effect. An expression has a value, but a statement does not!
Tokens
Special Python elements (e.g., keywords, operators, punctuators and delimiters, literals)
Every
Understanding Physical Media and Modulation in Telecommunications
Previous Concepts: Physical Concepts
Dun Signal Spectrum and Bandwidth
We have seen that signals have an associated RMS frequency, called the fundamental parameter. We have also seen that any continuous and differentiable signal can be decomposed into a sum (finite or infinite) of sinusoidal signals. Each of these sine components will therefore also be associated with a maximum amplitude. The spectrum of a signal is nothing other than the two-dimensional graphical representation of amplitude vs. frequency.
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