Python Programming: Examples and Tips for INFO2000 Midterm
General Python Tips:
- Loops: Use
for i in range(start, stop, step):for iteration. - Lists:
my_list = [1, 2, 3], access elements withmy_list[index]. - Dictionaries:
my_dict = {'key': 'value'}, access withmy_dict['key']. - Functions: Use
def function_name(parameters): return valueto define. - Importing Libraries: Use
import random,import math. - Printing Debugging Info: Use
print(variable). - String Manipulation:
.upper(),.lower(),.strip(),.split(),.join(). - File Handling:
open('filename.txt', 'r')to read,open(
Understanding Computer Hardware and Software Components
Understanding Computer Hardware and Software
Data is the set of scientific and technical knowledge that enables the automatic processing of information. The term comes from the union of two words, referring to computers and their components:
Hardware and Software
A computer is composed of two separate, but closely related, parts:
- Hardware: Consists of the physical elements of the computer. It’s essentially made of electronic components that provide the necessary support for the interpretation and execution
Network Database Model: Structure and DBTG CODASYL
Network Model
In the relational model, data and data relationships are presented with a series of tables. The network model is different; data is expressed through a series of records, and data relationships through links. A network database consists of a series of records that are interconnected through links.
A record is similar to an entity in the entity-relationship model. Every record is a set of fields (attributes), each of these contains only one data value. A link is an association between
Read MoreOperating System: Functions and Features
Operating System
An Operating System (OS) is a program or set of computer programs designed to ensure effective management of a computer’s resources. It starts working when the computer is turned on and manages the hardware of the machine from the most basic levels, allowing interaction with the user. An operating system can normally be found in most electronic devices that use microprocessors, such as cell phones, DVD players, car stereos, and PCs. These devices use the OS to understand the machine
Read MoreNetworking Fundamentals: Switches, Routing, DNS, and Security
How Switches Work: Learning, Flooding, Filtering, Forwarding, and Aging
Switches operate similarly to hubs, but with the added capability of identifying the intended destination of received information. This allows them to send data only to the computers that are supposed to receive it. The key functions are:
- Learning: The switch reads the MAC address and saves it to a lookup table. This allows the switch to know where to find the node (Source MAC, segment, port, timestamp).
- Flooding: The switch
2D and 3D Graphics: Transformations, Shaders, and Game Engines
Explain in detail the different 2D transformations
2D transformations modify an object’s position, size, orientation, or shape. They are essential in graphics for scaling images, rotating objects, translating shapes, and shearing figures.
Basic Transformations:
Translation: Moves an object without altering its shape.
Scaling: Enlarges or shrinks an object based on factors Sx,SyS_x, S_y.
Rotation: Rotates an object about a fixed point by angle θ\theta.
Shearing: Distorts an object along the x or y-axis.