Python File I/O, Strings, Control Flow and Data Structures

Posted by on Feb 20, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Python File I/O, Strings, Control Flow and Data Structures

File Input Examples

infile.read(1)
'T'
>>>>
infile.read(5)
'he 3 '
>>>>
infile.readline()
'lines in this file end with the new line
character.\n'
>>>>
infile.read()
'\nThere is a blank line above this line.\n'
>>>>
infile.close()

File Output Examples

outfile = open('test.txt', 'w')
>>>>
outfile.write('T')
1
>>>>
outfile.write('his is the first line.')
22
>>>>
Read More

React useEffect Patterns for Reliable Side Effects

Posted by on Feb 19, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

🧠 useEffect Cheat Sheet (Beginner → Confident)

1️⃣ What is useEffect? (Plain English)

useEffect lets you run side effects in a React component.

👉 Side effects = things that are not UI rendering.

  • Fetching data
  • Calling APIs
  • Using localStorage
  • Timers (setTimeout, setInterval)
  • Event listeners
  • Updating the document title

Rule of thumb:
If it touches the outside world, it belongs in useEffect.

2️⃣ Basic Syntax (Memorize This)

useEffect(() => {
  // side effect code
}, [dependencies]);

📌 Two parts:

Read More

Corrected VHDL Source: SRAM, CAM, State Machine

Posted by on Feb 19, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Corrected VHDL Source and Formatting

The following document preserves the original content while correcting spelling, capitalization, and HTML structure. All VHDL text has been kept but formatted for readability.

SRAM Read/Write Process

34
process(CLK, RST) begin
    if (RST = '0') then
        DATA <= (others => '0');
    elsif (rising_edge(CLK)) then
        if (WE = '1') then
            SRAM(to_integer(unsigned(ADDRESS))) <= unsigned(DATA);
        else
            s_data_read_reg <
Read More

Cloud Infrastructure: Virtualization and Storage Models

Posted by on Feb 19, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

Virtualization Levels and Hardware Implementation

4. List and briefly describe the levels of virtualization. Describe in detail how virtualization works at the hardware / OS level. Virtualization can be implemented at different levels, depending on what part of the system is abstracted. The lecture classifies virtualization levels as: application level, library/user-level API, operating system level, hardware abstraction (HAL) level, and instruction set architecture (ISA) level. Each level virtualizes

Read More

Linux vs Windows and macOS: Key Differences

Posted by on Feb 18, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

⚖️ Comparison of Linux with Other Operating Systems

Linux, along with Microsoft Windows and Apple macOS, forms the triad of major operating systems. For exam purposes, the comparison focuses on their fundamental differences in cost, source model, security, and primary use case.

Fundamental Distinctions (Source Model & Cost)

FeatureLinux (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora)Microsoft Windows (Proprietary)Apple macOS (Proprietary)
Source ModelOpen source (source code is freely available, modifiable, and distributable)
Read More

C Programming Examples: Logic and Data Structures

Posted by on Feb 17, 2026 in Computers | 0 comments

C Programming Examples: Logic and Data Structures

<h3>1. Comparing Student Marks</h3>
<p>This program compares the marks of two students.</p>
<pre><code>#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;

int main() { int studentA, studentB; printf(“Enter marks of Student A: “); scanf(“%d”, &studentA); printf(“Enter marks of Student B: “); scanf(“%d”, &studentB); if (studentA > studentB) { printf(“Student A scored higher with %d marks.\n”, studentA); } else if (studentB

Read More