Network Architectures: Topologies, Protocols, and Technologies
Key Network Architecture Features
Network architecture is defined by three key features:
- Topology: The organization of your wiring, defining the basic configuration of station interconnection.
- Access Methods: All networks have a shared medium (or a method for non-shared mediums) to manage information transmission.
- Communication Protocols: Rules and procedures used for network communication, error correction, and connection establishment.
Protocols are categorized as high-level (for communicating applications)
Read MoreMemory Hierarchy and Virtual Memory Systems
Memory Hierarchy of Existing Systems
Trends in Current Processes
- Integration of 2D and up to 3 levels of cache on the processor chip.
- Growth of cache size and integration level.
- Caches and TLBs separate data and instructions.
- Common points: out-of-order search, non-blocking caches (correct under fault and failure), prefetch gadgets, and hardware data.
- Software prefetch data and first-level caches can support multiple logins on the same cycle.
Virtual Memory (T.4)
Definition
Virtual memory management provides
Read MoreDatabase Standardization, Optimization, and Security
Read More1) What is Standardization? Standardization is structuring tables and attributes to eliminate redundancies and avoid data insertion, deletion, and update problems.
2) Summon two main goals of Standardization? To facilitate database handling and ensure data independence.
3) What does Data Independence Standardization bound? The relational database is concerned only with storing data logically, not physically.
4) When is minimized redundancies which tried to avoid bound Standardization? Minimizing
Compiler Fundamentals: Translators and Lexical Analysis
1. Who is a translator?
A program that receives source code as input and produces output in another language.
2. Examples of Translators
Assemblers and compilers.
3. What is an Assembler?
A program that translates assembly language to machine language.
4. Programming Language Definition
Defined by its syntax and semantics.
5. Compiler Structure
Source code → Preprocessor → Compiler → Assembler code → Assembler → Object code → Linker → Executable code.
6. Lexical Analysis Stage
Reads characters
Read MoreUnderstanding File Systems and Viruses
File Allocation Table (FAT)
The first file system used by Microsoft operating systems was FAT. It uses a file allocation table, which is an index listing the disk’s contents and recording file locations. Since a file’s data blocks aren’t always stored contiguously (fragmentation), the allocation table maintains the file system structure by linking these blocks.
FAT16, a 16-bit system, allows file names up to eight characters with a three-character extension. Windows 95, originally using FAT16, introduced
Read MoreComputer Security: Threats, Standards, and Protection
What is Security?
Achieving a completely secure computer system is challenging. Reliability is key, focusing on building reliable rather than simply secure systems. A secure system hinges on three core aspects:
- Confidentiality: Preventing unauthorized access to system objects and ensuring authorized entities do not leak information.
- Integrity: Allowing only authorized modifications to objects in a controlled manner.
- Availability: Maintaining accessibility of system objects for authorized users.