Software Requirements Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide
1. Introduction to Analysis
1.1 General
A fundamental stage in the software life cycle is analysis. Analysis examines the system based on requirements. To analyze requirements, they must have been previously obtained through requirements determination or requirements engineering.
1.1 Definition of Analysis
Analysis is the process of studying user needs to define system, hardware, or software requirements, and the process of studying and refining these requirements.
1.1 Requirements Engineering
Requirements
Read MoreDigital Logic Fundamentals
To reduce the expression \( F(A, B, C) = \pi(0, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14) + d(2, 6) \) using a Karnaugh Map (K-
map
, follow these steps:
### Step 1: Set Up the K-map
For three variables \( A, B, C \), the K-map is a 2×4 grid. We will label the rows and columns based on the values of the variables. The map layout is:
“`
BC
00 01 11 10
+—————–
A 0 | 0 1 3 2
1 | 4 5 7 6
“`
### Step 2: Fill in the K-map
The given expression uses **
maxterms
* (denoted by π), which means
Read MoreIntroduction to Computer Science: Hardware and Software
Introduction to Computer Science
What is a Computer?
The term “computer” refers to a device that processes information. While the word originated in France in 1962, the concept of computing as the automatic processing of information is more relevant.
Computer Systems
A computer system is the physical embodiment of information processing. It comprises two key elements:
- Hardware: The physical components of a computer.
- Software: The logical instructions that guide the hardware.
The operating system is a set
Read MoreComputer Networks and Communication Fundamentals
Computer Processes and Communication
Defining Computer Processes
A computer process is a running program responsible for performing specific predefined functions.
Transmission vs. Communication
Transmission refers to the conveyance of signals to produce a telematic phenomenon. Communication, on the other hand, concerns the transport of information.
Communication Elements
- Sender: The element responsible for providing information.
- Receiver: The element that receives information from the sender.
- Channel: The
Data Link Layer: Protocols, Access Methods, and Frame Creation
Data Link Layer
Functionality
The data link layer facilitates data exchange using Protocol Data Units (PDUs) as frames. It provides two primary services:
- Access to upper layers via frames.
- Controlled data location and usage through media access control and error detection.
This layer encapsulates packets into frames and manages their placement and removal using media access control.
Sublayers
The data link layer comprises two sublayers:
- Logical Link Control (LLC): Identifies the network layer protocol using
Understanding FAT and EXT File Systems
File System Structures: FAT and EXT
FAT File System
Components and Roles
- Boot Sector: The first sector of the volume. Contains information about the file system’s size and structure, and information needed to boot MS-DOS.
- First FAT (File Allocation Table): A table where each entry corresponds to a cluster on the disk. It tracks which clusters are used by files and how they are linked together.
- Second FAT: A copy of the first FAT, providing redundancy in case of failure.
- Root Directory: Contains entries