Neural Networks: Processing, History, and Learning Methods
Definition of Neuron
The elemental processing unit of a neural network, which generates an output as a result of the weighted sum of inputs to which an activation function is applied. Its function is a simple device: minimal storage (only its weights) and small computing capacity (weighted sums and output function).
How a Neuron Processes Information
Weighted Sum: The neuron integrates all its entries to calculate its net inflow, expressed as the sum of the product of each entry by the strength of
Read MoreModular Programming and Databases: A Comprehensive Overview
Modular Programming
Modular programming is a programming paradigm that involves dividing a program into modules or applets to improve readability and manageability. This approach allows decomposing a problem into a set of mutually independent subproblems, which are easier to solve and can be treated separately. Modules can be tested independently, allowing for refinement before integration into the main program. They can also be stored and reused as needed. In modular programming, the main program
Read MoreProgramming Language Concepts and Compilation
Definition of Algorithm
The following definition: “Prescription for a set of logical steps to solve the same type” corresponds to:
| A | Boolean Logic | C | An algorithm |
| B | A programming language | D | A computer program |
Answer: (C)
Stored Program Concept
When the sequence of instructions to be executed by a computer is stored in main memory, it is said that the computer is programmed internally, and this defines:
| A | Source language | C | Stored program |
| B | Target language | D | Program Instructions |
Answer: (C)
Batch and Integral Processing
Batch
Read MoreEssential Linux Commands for File Management and Scripting
Specify the Linux command which qualifies the screen, with the command ls, list the contents of the directory /root/test, where file names are in quotes and separated by commas. ls -Q -m /root/test
Specify the Linux command that allows listing all the subdirectories in the current directory that have permission to read, write, and execute for the owner, and read and execute for the group. ls -l | grep ^drwxr-x
Specify the Linux command that allows making the C shell the default shell for root. chsh
Read MoreProcess Scheduling & Memory Management: SRT, HRN, Queues, RAM
SRT (Shortest Remaining Time)
The next process to enter the processor is the one with the shortest remaining runtime. When a new process arrives with a shorter runtime than the currently running process, the latter is evicted from the CPU, and the shorter process begins execution. It’s a preemptive variant of the Shortest Job Next (SJN) algorithm.
Features:
- Variation of SJN.
- Preemptive policy.
- Very efficient.
- Possibility to assign priorities, where the system adjusts runtime based on priority (multiplying
Effective Software Testing for Quality Assurance
Software Testing
Software testing is the process of evaluating a program to identify defects before it reaches end-users.
Test Objectives
- Uncover software flaws.
- A test is successful if a defect is found.
- A test fails if defects are present but not detected.
Test Types
- Verification Test: Checks if the software meets design specifications.
- Validation Test: Checks if the software fulfills analysis qualifications.
- Operational Test: Ensures the software operates correctly.
Test Characteristics
- Observability: The