Compiler Fundamentals: Translators and Lexical Analysis

Posted by on Dec 5, 2024 in Computers | 0 comments

1. Who is a translator?

A program that receives source code as input and produces output in another language.

2. Examples of Translators

Assemblers and compilers.

3. What is an Assembler?

A program that translates assembly language to machine language.

4. Programming Language Definition

Defined by its syntax and semantics.

5. Compiler Structure

Source code → Preprocessor → Compiler → Assembler code → Assembler → Object code → Linker → Executable code.

6. Lexical Analysis Stage

Reads characters

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Understanding File Systems and Viruses

Posted by on Dec 4, 2024 in Computers | 0 comments

File Allocation Table (FAT)

The first file system used by Microsoft operating systems was FAT. It uses a file allocation table, which is an index listing the disk’s contents and recording file locations. Since a file’s data blocks aren’t always stored contiguously (fragmentation), the allocation table maintains the file system structure by linking these blocks.

FAT16, a 16-bit system, allows file names up to eight characters with a three-character extension. Windows 95, originally using FAT16, introduced

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Computer Security: Threats, Standards, and Protection

Posted by on Dec 4, 2024 in Computers | 0 comments

What is Security?

Achieving a completely secure computer system is challenging. Reliability is key, focusing on building reliable rather than simply secure systems. A secure system hinges on three core aspects:

  • Confidentiality: Preventing unauthorized access to system objects and ensuring authorized entities do not leak information.
  • Integrity: Allowing only authorized modifications to objects in a controlled manner.
  • Availability: Maintaining accessibility of system objects for authorized users.

Logical

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Memory Management: Address Spaces, Translation, and Allocation

Posted by on Dec 4, 2024 in Computers | 0 comments

Address Space

Address space: The illusion of infinite memory presented to a program, representing a process’s memory. Virtual memory creates this illusion, extending RAM to the physical drive, allowing larger programs to run by swapping inactive components to disk.

Memory Allocation

Malloc – Allocates memory and returns a pointer to the block without initializing it.

Calloc – Allocates and initializes memory to zero.

Realloc – Resizes previously allocated blocks, trimming or expanding as needed without

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Mastering CSS: Stylesheets, Syntax, and Visual Enhancements

Posted by on Dec 4, 2024 in Computers | 0 comments

CSS Essentials

Why Use CSS?

  • Greater control over typography and layout
  • Separates style from structure
  • Allows styles to be stored externally, making documents smaller and easier to maintain

Types of CSS

  1. Inline Styles: Written within HTML tags
  2. Embedded Styles: Added within <style> tags in the <head>
  3. External Styles: Stored in separate .css files, linked to HTML
  4. Imported Styles: Styles from one CSS file imported into another

CSS Syntax

  • Rule Structure: Each rule has a selector and a declaration
  • Example:
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Essential String Algorithms in C++

Posted by on Dec 3, 2024 in Computers | 0 comments

Find the Longest Common Prefix

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

string longestCommonPrefix(vector<string>& strs) {
    if (strs.empty()) return "";
    string prefix = strs[0];

    for (int i = 1; i < strs.size(); i++) {
        int j = 0;
        while (j < strs[i].length() && j < prefix.length() && strs[i][j] == prefix[j]) {
            j++;
        }
        prefix = prefix.substr(0, j);
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