PIC Microcontroller: Operation, Architecture, and Programming
Modes of Operation
The PIC microcontroller operates in four modes, depending on the external oscillator:
- RC (Resistor-Capacitor): Low-cost, but with poor stability. Frequency depends on the resistor and capacitor values.
- HS (High Speed): Operates at 4 to 10 MHz, using a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator.
- XT (Crystal): Lower frequencies than HS, offering higher accuracy.
- LP (Low Power): Uses a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator, providing low power consumption at low frequencies (35-200 kHz).
Multiplexer
Read MoreProgram Execution Control Mechanisms
Introduction
There are three primary ways to control program execution:
- Expression Evaluation: Control is based on operator precedence and associativity.
- Instruction Execution: Control is achieved by selecting the next instruction. Selection, iteration, and logical expressions or counters govern this process.
- Subprogram Control: A call and return system manages the execution of subprograms.
Execution Control at the Expression Level
Understanding expression evaluation requires understanding the order
Read MoreMicrosoft Excel and Access Essentials
Excel
1. What is Excel?
Excel is a spreadsheet application from Microsoft Office used to organize data and perform calculations. It allows you to create statistics and graphics from datasets.
2. Three Ways to Sum in Excel
- Click the cell where you want the sum to appear, select AutoSum in the toolbar, select the range with your mouse, and press Enter.
- Click the cell, type the = sign, select the cells you want to sum, type the formula, and press Enter.
- Click fx (Insert Function), select the SUM function,
Network Architectures: Topologies, Protocols, and Technologies
Key Network Architecture Features
Network architecture is defined by three key features:
- Topology: The organization of your wiring, defining the basic configuration of station interconnection.
- Access Methods: All networks have a shared medium (or a method for non-shared mediums) to manage information transmission.
- Communication Protocols: Rules and procedures used for network communication, error correction, and connection establishment.
Protocols are categorized as high-level (for communicating applications)
Read MoreMemory Hierarchy and Virtual Memory Systems
Memory Hierarchy of Existing Systems
Trends in Current Processes
- Integration of 2D and up to 3 levels of cache on the processor chip.
- Growth of cache size and integration level.
- Caches and TLBs separate data and instructions.
- Common points: out-of-order search, non-blocking caches (correct under fault and failure), prefetch gadgets, and hardware data.
- Software prefetch data and first-level caches can support multiple logins on the same cycle.
Virtual Memory (T.4)
Definition
Virtual memory management provides
Read MoreDatabase Standardization, Optimization, and Security
Read More1) What is Standardization? Standardization is structuring tables and attributes to eliminate redundancies and avoid data insertion, deletion, and update problems.
2) Summon two main goals of Standardization? To facilitate database handling and ensure data independence.
3) What does Data Independence Standardization bound? The relational database is concerned only with storing data logically, not physically.
4) When is minimized redundancies which tried to avoid bound Standardization? Minimizing