Computer Systems: Structure, Components, and Programs
Item 9
Computer System Structure
1. Introduction
2. Basics
3. System Components
3.1. CPU
3.2. Memory
3.3. Peripherals
3.3.1. Peripheral Classification
3.4. Buses
3.5. System Functioning
4. Programs: Types and Features
4.1. Programming Languages
4.2. Operating Systems
4.2.1. Examples of Operating Systems
4.2.1.1. MS-DOS
4.2.1.2. UNIX
4.2.1.3. LINUX
4.2.1.4. WINDOWS
5. Computer Networks
5.1. Communication Networks: Internet
6. Conclusions
1. Introduction
The use of computerized systems, currently characterized by the prevalence
Read MorePowerPoint: Introduction and Key Features
PowerPoint Basics
1. Introduction to PowerPoint
PowerPoint is a versatile application for creating dynamic presentations. These presentations can incorporate various elements, including images, graphs, charts, sounds, and videos, offering a wide range of possibilities.
2. Main Window Elements
- Title Bar: Displays the application name and the name of the currently open file.
- Menu Bar: Consists of eight menus and a help menu, each containing a set of related options.
- Toolbar: Provides buttons for quick
Digital Video Production: A Comprehensive Handbook
1. Image Digitization
Image Quality
The more samples are taken, the greater the quality of the image. We can take fewer samples of the color signal luminance. Synchronization signal scanning is not required. The sampling frequency is greater than twice the maximum scanning frequency.
CCIR 601 Standard
- Digital active line: 53.33 microseconds; 720 samples
- Sampling Component:
- Y = 13.5 MHz
- CR = 6.75 MHz
- CB = 6.75 MHz
Encodings
- 4:2:2
- 4:1:1
- 4:2:0
- 4:4:4
2. Digital Frame Formation
Color difference samples are transmitted
Read MoreComputer Architecture: Stacks, Instructions, and Cycles
Stack Organization in Computer Architecture
Stack organization refers to a structure where instructions and data are processed using a last-in, first-out (LIFO) principle. It’s crucial for managing data during subroutine execution and complex operations in the CPU. Here’s a breakdown:
What is a Stack?
A stack is a collection of elements with two primary operations:
- Push: Adds an element to the top.
- Pop: Removes the top element.
The top of the stack is where the latest data is stored and retrieved first.
Read MorePython Code Snippets and Programming Concepts
HW9: Shift String
Function caesar shifts letters in a string:
def caesar(left, shift):
ref = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
con = ""
letf = left.strip().upper()
for x in range(0, len(left)):
if letf[x] not in ref:
con += letf[x]
else:
con += ref[(ref.find(left[x]) + shift) % 26]
return con CW10: Recursion
Function fib calculates Fibonacci numbers recursively:
def fib(n):
if n in [1, 2]:
return 1
else:
return fib(n - 1)Network Fundamentals: MAC, IP, Routing, and Protocols
1.1. Addressing Physical Layer
To connect a computer to a network, you need a network interface card (NIC) with a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address.
- A MAC address is a 48-bit (12 hexadecimal digits) number.
- Each NIC must have a different MAC address.
- There are approximately 248 (281 trillion) possible MAC addresses.
1.2. Routing Logic and IP Addresses
Your machine uses an Internet Protocol (IP) address for routing. An IP address is composed of 32 bits, grouped into four 8-bit bytes (octets).
Example:
Read More