Internet: Protocols, History, Services, and Security
Internet
The Internet is a worldwide network consisting of devices that communicate with each other using a language called a protocol. The primary purpose of this protocol is the exchange of information.
What do we need to use the Internet?
- Computer
- Internet: A software tool that lets you view web pages (service provider ISP).
- Browser
- Modem or Router:
- Modem: A modulator and demodulator which is responsible for converting digital signals to analog and vice versa.
- Router: A device responsible for determining
Essential PC Components: Motherboard, CPU, RAM, and More
Motherboard: The Foundation of Your PC
The motherboard is an integrated circuit that serves as the central hub of the computer. It synchronizes all components via buses. Key components include the processor socket, expansion slots, RAM slots, IDE, and SATA connectors. The motherboard features two chipsets: Northbridge and Southbridge.
- Northbridge manages communication between the RAM and the graphics processor.
- Southbridge controls the peripheral ports.
The BIOS, a chip on the motherboard, handles system
Read MoreLinux Operating System: Features and Evolution
Introduction to Operating Systems
An Operating System (OS) is a program (or set of programs) designed to facilitate computer use and ensure efficient operation. It acts as a control program, managing and allocating resources.
Evolution of Operating Systems
- Stage I (1943-1955): No operating systems existed. The programmer also assumed the operator’s role, manually inputting the program and receiving output via a printer. Assemblers were later introduced.
- Stage II (1956-1963): Introduction of intermediate
Computer System Security: Threats, Protection, and Access Control
Read MoreSafety and Security in Computer Systems
A computer system provides services to human users within a company or organization. Some types of services are:
- Management of information (e.g., financial transactions, personal files, etc.)
- Other activities (e.g., industrial processes, traffic control, etc.)
- Services built on apparatus (e.g., automobiles, robots, etc.)
Computer system resources are limited: There is an inherent cost to their utilization, which may be reflected in the form of tariffs or user charges.
Essential Python Installation and Programming Techniques
Practical No. 1
Aim:
Installation and configuration of Python.
Objective:
To successfully install Python on the system and configure the Python environment for development.
Procedure:
- Download Python:
- Visit the official Python website (https://www.python.org) and download the latest version suitable for your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).
- Install Python:
- Run the downloaded installer and follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation.
- Ensure that you add Python to your system’s
Understanding the Banker’s Algorithm for Deadlock Avoidance
- Explain the use of Banker’s Algorithm for Deadlock Avoidance with Illustration.
Deadlock Avoidance and Banker’s Algorithm Deadlock can be avoided by allocating resources carefully.
- Carefully analyze each resource request to see if it can be safely granted.
- Need an algorithm that can always avoid deadlock by making the right choice all the time.
Banker’s Algorithm for Single Resource Deadlock
- A scheduling algorithm that can avoid deadlocks is due to Dijkstra (1965); it is known as the Banker’s