Network Interconnection: Technologies and Challenges
Wide Area Networks
1.1 Network Interconnection
Interconnectivity (Internetworking) is the communication process between two or more networks.
Why is Network Interconnectivity Important?
- Share Resources
- Instant Access to shared databases
- Insensitivity to physical distance and node limitations
- Centralized management for strategic advantage
What Technical Challenges Exist?
- Integration of equipment from different manufacturers
- Varied architectures, platforms, operating systems, protocols, and media
- Limitations
Essential MS-DOS Batch Commands and Shutdown Parameters
Batch Commands
- Want to play a joke on your friend using the PC?
- Want to learn more about batch scripting?
- Want to change codes, delete files, close applications, or create a “supposed” virus?
- Feeling a bit clueless?
Then take a look at these few, but useful, MS-DOS commands.
Getting Started…
Basic Commands
- DEL: Delete files. Example:
del c:\address\file.exedeletes the file. - RD: Delete root directory. Example:
rd c:\directorydeletes that directory. - START: Start something. Example:
start www.pagina.
VBA UserForm: Data Entry and Validation
VBA UserForm: Data Entry and Validation
Form Activation
In the UserForm’s Activate event, comboboxes are populated:
Private Sub UserForm_Activate() 'Filling the Civil Status ComboBox1 ComboBox1.AddItem "Married" ComboBox1.AddItem "Separated" ComboBox1.AddItem "Divorced" 'Filling the City ComboBox2 ComboBox2.AddItem "Rancaguita" ComboBox2.AddItem "Santiago" ComboBox2.AddItem "Concepción" ComboBox2.AddItem "La Serena" ComboBox2.AddItem "Viña del Mar" 'Filling the AFP ComboBox3 ComboBox3.System Requirements: Types, Characteristics, and Documentation
What is a Requirement?
A requirement is a necessary attribute in a system, representing an ability, characteristic, or quality factor beneficial to customers or end users. It describes a condition or capability a system must meet, derived from user needs, contracts, standards, or specifications.
Requirements Types
Software requirements fall into two categories: functional and non-functional.
Functional requirements define system functions, describing input-to-output transformations.
Non-functional requirements
Read MorePIC Microcontroller: Operation, Architecture, and Programming
Modes of Operation
The PIC microcontroller operates in four modes, depending on the external oscillator:
- RC (Resistor-Capacitor): Low-cost, but with poor stability. Frequency depends on the resistor and capacitor values.
- HS (High Speed): Operates at 4 to 10 MHz, using a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator.
- XT (Crystal): Lower frequencies than HS, offering higher accuracy.
- LP (Low Power): Uses a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator, providing low power consumption at low frequencies (35-200 kHz).
Multiplexer
Read MoreProgram Execution Control Mechanisms
Introduction
There are three primary ways to control program execution:
- Expression Evaluation: Control is based on operator precedence and associativity.
- Instruction Execution: Control is achieved by selecting the next instruction. Selection, iteration, and logical expressions or counters govern this process.
- Subprogram Control: A call and return system manages the execution of subprograms.
Execution Control at the Expression Level
Understanding expression evaluation requires understanding the order
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