Memory Hierarchy and Main Memory Types in Computers
PART 1: Hierarchy of Memory – (T.1) Basics
LOCATION:
- a) Internal memory: Main memory, CPU registers, memory control unit CPU (microprogrammed control)
- b) External memory: Storage devices and peripherals such as disk and tape
CAPACITY:
Is expressed in bytes or words for internal memory and is usually expressed in bytes for external memory.
UNIT TRANSFER:
- Number of lines of input/output of the memory module (for internal memory)
- Related Concepts:
- Word: “Natural” unit of the organization of memory; its size
Python Programming: Functions, Packages, and OOP Concepts
Python Functions
1. Definition: Functions are defined using the def keyword.
2. Parameters: Accept inputs (arguments) to customize behavior.
3. Return Values: Functions can return outputs using the return statement.
4. Call: A function is executed when it’s called.
Python Packages
In Python, a package is a way to organize related modules (Python files) into a directory structure, making it easier to manage and reuse code. It allows for a hierarchical organization of the codebase.
Key Features of a Package
1.
Read MorePython Features, Modules, Loops, Functions, and Packages
Key Features of Python
Simple and Easy to Learn:
Python has a simple and readable syntax, which makes it easy for beginners to learn and understand. It emphasizes readability and reduces the cost of program maintenance.Interpreted Language:
Python is an interpreted language, meaning that Python code is executed line by line by the interpreter. This makes debugging easier and faster.Dynamically Typed:
Python does not require variable declaration before use. The data type of a variable is inferred
Windows MSC File and Registry Commands
Computer Management and System Tools
compmgmt.msc provides access to various system consoles:
- ciadv.msc: Indexing Service (speeds up hard disk searches)
- wmimgmt.msc: Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) configuration
- services.msc: Local Service Manager
- diskmgmt.msc: Hard Disk Manager
- dfrg.msc: Hard Drive Defragmenter
- ntmsmgr.msc: Removable storage device management
- devmgmt.msc: Device Manager
- lusrmgr.msc: Local users and groups management
- fsmgmt.msc: Shared resource management
- gpedit.msc: Group Policy
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus: A Deep Dive
Introduction to the SPI Bus
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus is a synchronous, full-duplex communication standard primarily used for data transfer between integrated circuits in electronic equipment. It utilizes a clock line, incoming and outgoing data lines, and a chip select pin to control device communication.
SPI Bus Management in C
Four C functions are associated with the SPI module when the microcontroller hardware selects SSP. These functions provide a software implementation of the
Read MoreUnderstanding POP3: Email Retrieval Protocol
POP3: Post Office Protocol
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) is an application protocol used to retrieve emails from a remote mail server. This document provides a complete specification of the protocol, considering each of these features:
- Services offered by the protocol.
- Assumptions of the environment, i.e., the context or setting in which this protocol works.
- Vocabulary, the set of messages that use the protocol to indicate their status.
- Coding, the format used for sending the messages used by