RAID Levels, Optical Drives, and Graphics Technology
RAID Levels: Performance and Reliability
Penalties in writing. • RAID 4: Levels 4 and 5 of RAID use a technique called independent access. Each disk in the set operates independently, meaning separate I/O requests are addressed in parallel. In both cases, the data strips used are relatively large, and a parity strip is calculated, bit by bit, from the corresponding strips of each data disk (parity blocks). In RAID 4, parity bits are stored in the corresponding strip on a parity disk (which is a
Read MoreNetwork Routing and Data Link Layer Essentials
Routing Fundamentals
Link and Router Failures: Links and routers can fail, disrupting network topology. Network State Changes: Routing algorithms must track and adapt to changes in the set of functioning links and routers. Routing Loops: A packet continuously traverses a cycle of routers without reaching its destination, consuming bandwidth and causing congestion. Black Holes: A router lacks a valid next-hop entry for a destination, causing packets to be dropped and leading to communication failures.
Read MoreEssential Linux Commands: A Comprehensive Reference
File and Directory Operations
- ls: List files and directories alphabetically
- ls -l: List file properties and attributes
- ls -la: List files, including hidden system files
- cd [directory name]: Change directory
- cd [file name]: Change to the directory containing the file
- mkdir [directory name]: Create a directory
- rmdir [directory name]: Delete a directory
- pwd: Display the current path
- tree: Show the structure of directories and files graphically
- cp [source] [destination]: Copy files
- mv [source] [destination]: Move
TCP/IP Protocol Stack: Architecture and Functionality
What is the TCP/IP Protocol Stack?
The TCP/IP protocol stack is a family or set of protocols covering the different levels of a modern network architecture.
Protocol: A set of standards to be met by regulated parties to understand each other.
Layer or level: To reduce the difficulty of communication, which is treated as one problem, it was decided to divide it into smaller, specialized subsets, resulting in different layers or levels of communication.
TCP/IP Architecture
The TCP/IP architecture is a
Read MoreAdvanced Deep Learning Concepts: Q&A
Q33: What Role Does a Transposed Convolution Play in Semantic Segmentation?
A transposed convolution (or deconvolution) upsamples feature maps, restoring spatial resolution lost during pooling or strided convolutions. It allows the network to generate high-resolution outputs needed for pixel-wise predictions in semantic segmentation tasks.
Q34: What is a Skip Connection in Semantic Segmentation?
A skip connection combines feature maps from earlier layers with those from deeper layers, preserving fine-
Read MoreDatabase Types and Design: Relational, Hierarchical, Network
Database Types
There are three major models of databases: hierarchical, network, and relational.
Hierarchical Database
A database hierarchy, or hierarchical tree, is used for the logical representation of data. Files are organized into hierarchies, and normally each corresponds to one of the entities of the database. Hierarchical trees are represented upside down, with the root up and the leaves down.
Characteristics of hierarchical databases:
- File segments are arranged in a hierarchical tree.
- Segments