Operating System Fundamentals: Types, Functions, and Architecture
Operating System Resources
The operating system manages resources such as:
- Processor
- Memory
- Input/Output
- Communication Devices
Key functions of an operating system include:
- User interface management
- Simultaneous resource access for users
- Data sharing between users
- Input/output control (disks, printers)
- Resource accounting for processes and users
- Communication management
- Secure and fast data storage organization
- Process and task planning and monitoring
System Operation Modes
The system operates in batch and real-
Read MoreNetworking Concepts and Protocols: Homework Solutions
HW 2
1. Why Does UDP Exist?
UDP provides a lightweight transport layer for sending messages without the overhead of TCP’s connection setup, error checking, and flow control.
- Uses port numbers for multiplexing/demultiplexing, allowing multiple processes to receive data uniquely.
- Includes a checksum field to detect errors, which raw IP packets do not.
- Foregoes connection setup and retransmission, making it ideal for latency-sensitive applications like gaming or video streaming.
2. TCP Round-Trip Time (RTT)
Read MoreOperating Systems and Computer Architecture: Key Concepts
Chapter 1 – Operating Systems
1. How would you use a computer without an operating system? What are its two main functions?
Without the operating system, a user interacting with the computer would need to know profoundly different details on hardware equipment, which would slow their work and introduce a great potential for error. The two main features are ease of access to system resources and resource sharing in an organized and protected manner.
2. Explain the concept of a virtual machine. What’
Read MoreUnderstanding Operating Systems: Core Concepts and Architecture
Key Components of Android OS Architecture
- Linux Kernel: The foundation of the Android OS, it provides core system services such as security, memory management, process management, and hardware abstraction. It interacts directly with the hardware and manages device drivers.
- Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL): This layer provides a standard interface for hardware components, allowing the Android framework to communicate with the hardware without needing to know the specifics of the hardware implementation.
Python Data Structures, Modules, File Handling, and More
Mutable and Immutable Data Structures
Ans: Data types in Python are divided into two categories:
- Immutable data types: Values cannot be changed.
- Numbers
- String
- Tuple
- Mutable data types: Values can be changed.
- List
- Dictionaries
- Sets
1. Numbers
Python supports integers, floats, and complex numbers. An integer is a number without a decimal point, for example, 5, 6, 10, etc. A float is a number with a decimal point, for example, 6.7, 6.0, 10.99, etc. A complex number has a real and imaginary part, for example,
Read MoreCybersecurity Threats and Defense Strategies: A Comprehensive Analysis
DoS and DDoS Attacks: Understanding the Difference
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks involve a single source flooding a target with traffic to overwhelm it and make its services unavailable. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are similar but use multiple sources, often a botnet of compromised devices, making them more challenging to stop. Both attacks aim to disrupt the target’s ability to respond to legitimate traffic.
Types of DoS and DDoS Attacks
There are three main types of DoS and DDoS
Read More