Computer Graphics Core Concepts: Display, Rendering, Algorithms

Posted by on Sep 17, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Display Technologies: Beam Penetration vs. Shadow Mask

Beam PenetrationShadow Mask
Used in older color CRTs.Used in modern color CRTs/LCDs.
Two layers of phosphor (red & green); beam depth controls color.Three separate phosphors (R, G, B) and a mask to direct beams.
Limited color range (4–7 colors).Millions of colors possible.
Cheaper.Higher cost.
Lower image quality.High image quality.

Graphics Rendering: Raster Scan vs. Vector Scan

Raster ScanVector Scan
Displays image as a matrix of pixels.Draws
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Verilog HDL, Memory Systems, and Error Correction Codes

Posted by on Sep 15, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Verilog HDL Lexical Conventions

Lexical conventions in Verilog define the basic rules for writing code. They include whitespace, comments, identifiers, keywords, numbers, strings, and operators. These elements form the fundamental structure of Verilog programs.

1. Whitespace

  • Spaces, tabs, and newlines enhance readability.
  • Ignored by the compiler/simulator except when part of a string literal.

2. Comments

  • // for single-line comments.
  • /* */ for multi-line comments.
  • Used to describe code; they are not part
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Java Programming Concepts: Constructors, Strings, Inheritance, and Features

Posted by on Sep 13, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Java Program to Demonstrate Parameterized Constructor

A parameterized constructor is used to initialize an object with user-defined values.

class Employee {
    String name;
    int id;

    // Parameterized constructor
    Employee(String empName, int empId) {
        name = empName;
        id = empId;
    }

    void display() {
        System.out.println("Employee Name: " + name);
        System.out.println("Employee ID: " + id);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Employee
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Set Theory and Graph Concepts Explained

Posted by on Sep 11, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Question 1: Set Operations

Given the universal set U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, and sets A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7}, C = {6, 7}.

(a) A’ ∩ B

A’ = U – A = {0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9}
A’ ∩ B = {0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9} ∩ {1, 3, 5, 7} = {1, 3, 5, 7}

(b) (A ∪ B) – C

A ∪ B = {2, 4, 6} ∪ {1, 3, 5, 7} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(A ∪ B) – C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} – {6, 7} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(c) (A ∪ C)’

A ∪ C = {2, 4, 6} ∪ {6, 7} = {2, 4, 6, 7}
(A ∪ C)’ = U – (A ∪ C) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
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Essential Programming Principles and Structures

Posted by on Sep 10, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Fundamental Programming Concepts

Statements and Instructions

Each of the orders or commands within a program that include constants, variables, operators, and expressions are called statements or instructions.

Program Definition

A program is a set of commands that transform data into understandable output.

Programming Language

A programming language is a set of symbols and syntactic and semantic rules that define the structure and meaning of its elements and expressions.

Judgments (Conditional Statements)

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File System Concepts: Storage, Management, and Operations

Posted by on Sep 9, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

File System Fundamentals

A file system manages how data is stored and retrieved on disk.

Disk Organization

  • A disk is a sequence of fixed-size blocks.
  • Only two primary operations: read(k) and write(k).

Core File System Requirements

  1. Store large amounts of data persistently.
  2. Retain data after processes terminate.
  3. Allow multiple processes to access the same data concurrently.

File Types and Structures

Common File Types

  • Executable: Programs that can be run.
  • Text: Human-readable character sequences.
  • Archive: Collections
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