Operating System Fundamentals and Linux Essentials

Posted by on Dec 7, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Operating System Concepts: Key Differences

This section outlines the differences between core operating system concepts:

  1. Preemptive and Non-Preemptive Scheduling
  2. Program and Process
  3. Hard Real-Time Systems and Soft Real-Time Systems
  4. Time Sharing and Multiprogramming

Preemptive vs. Non-Preemptive Scheduling

PointPreemptive SchedulingNon-Preemptive Scheduling
1CPU can be taken away from a running process before completion.CPU cannot be taken away; the process runs until it finishes or waits.
2Better response
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Essential Data Structures: Bags, Stacks, Queues, and Big O

Posted by on Dec 7, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Fundamentals of Data Structures and OOP

Data Structures (DS): Methods for storing and managing data efficiently so it can be reused.

Examples of Data Structures:

  • Lists
  • Queues
  • Trees
  • Bags
  • Dictionaries
  • Graphs

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Principles

  • Encapsulation
  • Abstraction
  • Inheritance
  • Polymorphism

Bags: Unordered Collections

A Bag is a finite collection of objects where the order of elements does not matter. Duplicates are allowed.

Examples: Shopping bags, piggy banks.

Core Bag Operations:

  • add
  • remove
  • contains
  • clear
  • getFrequencyOf
  • isEmpty
  • toArray
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Core Algorithms in Computer Graphics: Clipping, Drawing & Displays

Posted by on Dec 4, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping Algorithm

What is the Cohen-Sutherland Algorithm?

The Cohen–Sutherland algorithm is a line clipping method used to clip a line segment against a rectangular clipping window. It divides the area around the window into regions and assigns a 4-bit region code (Outcode) to each endpoint of the line.

Algorithm Steps

  1. Assign 4-bit codes to each endpoint. Each bit represents a position relative to the window:

    • Bit 1: Top
    • Bit 2: Bottom
    • Bit 3: Right
    • Bit 4: Left

    For example:

    • 0000 →
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C# Programming Fundamentals: Arrays, Loops, and Decisions

Posted by on Dec 4, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Life Expectancy Analysis with Parallel Arrays

This exercise demonstrates the use of parallel arrays to store and process life expectancy data by gender.

Instructions

  1. Create four parallel arrays containing the life expectancy data as shown in Table 1.
  2. Iterate through the parallel arrays to count and display a list of country names where the life expectancy for both genders exceeds 80 years.
  3. Prompt the user to input a country code.
  4. Use a loop to display the country name and life expectancies for males,
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Essential OS and Computer Networking Lab Exam Q&A

Posted by on Dec 3, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Operating System (OS) Lab Questions

Basic OS Concepts

  1. What is an Operating System (OS)?

    → It is system software that acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.

  2. What are the main functions of an OS?

    → Process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and security.

  3. What is a process?

    → A program in execution.

  4. Difference between process and program?

    → A program is passive (stored on disk); a process is active (in execution).

  5. What is a thread?

    → A lightweight process;

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Essential Python and Command Line Programming Concepts

Posted by on Nov 30, 2025 in Computers | 0 comments

Essential Command Line Tools

Terminal Commands

  • mkdir: Creates a new directory.
  • pwd or cd (or chdir): Shows the current working directory.
  • Changing Directory Example: To change the current directory to the ‘SI206’ folder (if you are currently in its parent folder, ‘Fall22’), use cd SI206.

Git Commands (Version Control)

  • git clone url: Copies a repository to your local computer.
  • git status: Shows what has changed and what is staged for commit.
  • git add file: Adds a specific file to the staging area for the
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