Essential C Programming Concepts and Syntax
C Programming Fundamentals
Q-1: Structure of a C Program
A C program follows a specific hierarchical structure to ensure the compiler understands how to process the code.
- Documentation Section: Contains comments (e.g.,
/* author name */) explaining the program’s purpose. - Link Section: Includes header files using
#include(e.g.,<stdio.h>) to use built-in functions likeprintf. - Definition Section: Where symbolic constants are defined using
#define. - Global Declaration Section: Variables or functions
Fundamentals of Computers, Hardware, Software & Trends
Fundamentals of Computers
💻 Introduction to the Computer
A computer is an electronic device that is programmed to accept raw data as input, process it according to a set of instructions (a program), and produce a result (output), which can then be saved for future use (storage). The word “computer” comes from the word “compute,” which essentially means “to calculate.”
Key Characteristics of a Computer
- Speed: Computers can process data at extremely high speeds, measured in microseconds, nanoseconds,
Early Programming Languages and Implementation Methods
FORTRAN
FORTRAN: FORmula TRANslation; scientific computing (arrays, loops, floats); Ideas – compiled code for speed; DO loop; subprograms; formatted I/O. Legacy: foundation of scientific programming.
ALGOL 60
ALGOL 60: ALGOrithmic Language; first machine-independent language; Introduced: block structure, recursion, BNF, format types, compound statements (begin…end); Legacy: basis for imperative languages.
COBOL
COBOL: COmmon Business-Oriented Language; business/data processing; English-like syntax,
Read MoreMastering Python Control Flow: Loops and Conditionals
🐍 Python Loop and Branching Statements
Python provides powerful structures for iteration (loops) and flow control (branching statements) that allow you to execute blocks of code repeatedly or conditionally.
Python Loop Statements
Loops are used to execute a block of code multiple times. The main loop types in Python are while and for.
1. The while Loop
The while loop repeatedly executes a block of statements as long as a given condition is True.
- Syntax:
while condition: # statement(s) to be executed
Key
Read MorePython Type Conversion, Data Structures and Example Programs
Type Conversion in Python: Types and Examples
Answer:
Type conversion means converting one data type into another. There are two types:
Implicit Type Conversion
Python automatically converts smaller or compatible data types into larger or compatible types to prevent data loss.
x = 10 # int
y = 5.5 # float
z = x + y
print(z) # 15.5
print(type(z)) # <class 'float'>
Explicit Type Conversion
The user manually converts one data type to another using functions like int(), float(), str(),
Mastering Exception Handling and File I/O in Java
Exception Handling in Programming
Exception handling is a structured way to deal with runtime errors or exceptions that occur during the execution of a program. It allows the program to continue running or to terminate gracefully, rather than crashing unexpectedly. The process uses five main keywords: try, catch, throw, throws, and finally.
1. The try Block
The try block encloses the code segment that you suspect might cause an exception.
- Purpose: To designate a section of code for monitoring of exceptions.