C Language Pointers, Arrays, and String Functions Mastery
C Language: Pointers, Arrays, and String Operations
In the C language, pointers and arrays share a very close relationship. Understanding this connection is crucial for effective memory handling and efficient programming.
An array is a collection of similar data items stored in contiguous memory locations. A pointer, conversely, is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Since an array name represents the address of its first element, a pointer can be directly used to access
Read MoreMIPS Datapath Control Signals and Stages Summary
Step 1:
Instruction Fetch
Fetch instruction from instruction memory, update PC to PC+4
Step 2: Instruction Decode/Register Read-Read register values and/or immediate values (Does not apply to J-type instructions)
Step 3: Execution/Memory & Target Address Calculation/Branch or Jump Completion-R/I-type: ALU operation-lw/sw: add operation (address calculation)-Branch: Condition check, target address calculation-Jump: Target address calculation
Step 4: Memory Access/R-type Instruction Completion-R/I-
Read MoreJava AWT Delegation Event Model and Class Hierarchy
Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT)
The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) is Java’s original platform-dependent windowing, graphics, and user interface (UI) toolkit.
AWT Class Hierarchy
đźď¸ The core of AWT is structured around a few key classes, all of which inherit from the Object class.
Component Class
Component is the root of all AWT UI elements. A component is an object with a graphical representation that can be displayed on the screen and can interact with the user. Examples include buttons, text fields,
Computer Graphics Algorithms and Display Technologies
Drawing Circles with the Mid-Point Algorithm
The Mid-point Circle Drawing Algorithm is a technique used to draw a circle using simple arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction. It avoids complex mathematical calculations such as square roots or trigonometric functions. The main idea is to start at the top point of the circle and move pixel by pixel to draw 1/8th (octant) of the circle. Then, using symmetry, the remaining seven parts of the circle are drawn by mirroring that part.
At each
Read MorePython Data Structures: Dictionaries, Strings, and Functions
Python Data Structures Fundamentals
Dictionaries: Key-Value Storage
A Python dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs used to store data in an unordered, mutable structure. You create a dictionary using curly braces {} with key-value pairs, for example: my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}. You can also use the dict() constructor to create dictionaries.
Accessing values is done by referring to their keys: my_dict["name"] returns “Alice”.
Adding, Updating, and Removing Items
You add or update items
Read MoreFlip-Flops, Registers, and Sequential Circuit Fundamentals
Flip-Flops: Basic Sequential Data Storage
A Flip-Flop is a basic sequential circuit used to store one bit of data (0 or 1). Unlike combinational circuits, the output of a flip-flop depends on:
- Present input
- Previous output (memory)
- Clock signal
Flip-flops are the building blocks of registers, counters, and memory units.
1. RS (Set-Reset) Flip-Flop
The RS flip-flop has two inputs: S (Set) and R (Reset).
Working Principle
- S = 1 â Output is set to 1
- R = 1 â Output is reset to 0
- S = R = 0 â No change
- S =