C++ Object Oriented Programming: Core Concepts and Features
UNIT–I: Object Oriented Programming Concepts
1. Procedural Language and Object Oriented Approach
Procedural programming is a method in which a program is divided into small procedures or functions. It mainly focuses on the sequence of actions to be performed. Data and functions are treated separately, which may reduce security because global data can be accessed from different parts of the program. Languages like C follow the procedural approach. Object Oriented Programming (OOP), on the other hand,
Read MoreMastering C++ Constructors and Destructors
In C++, the lifecycles of objects are managed automatically or dynamically through two special types of member functions: Constructors and Destructors. They control how memory is allocated, initialized, and cleaned up when an object is created and destroyed.
1. What is a Constructor?
A constructor is a special member function that is automatically called when an object of a class is instantiated. It has the same name as the class and does not have a return type (not even void). Its primary purpose
Read MoreWeb Security Essentials: SQLi, XSS, CSRF and Tor
Information Security Final Exam Review
SQL Injection Attack Types
Direct Attack: An attacker (Eve) sends a malicious request directly to the server (Bank.com).
Cross-Site: Alice has two tabs open: a sensitive site (Bank) and a malicious site (Evil.com). The malicious site tries to influence the sensitive one.
Third-Party: A legitimate site (News.com) loads an advertisement from a malicious domain (EvilAds.com).
Cookie Security and Session Hijacking
Mechanism: HTTP is stateless. To “remember” Alice,
Read More5G Architecture, D2D Communication, and RAN Fundamentals
5G Frequency Domain Structure
- Resource Element (RE): Smallest unit = 1 subcarrier × 1 OFDM symbol.
- Resource Block (RB): 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. Unlike LTE (2D), 5G RB is 1-dimensional (frequency only).
- Scalable Subcarrier Spacing (Numerology): 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 kHz — selected based on frequency band and use case.
- Bandwidth Parts (BWP): UE can be configured to use only a portion of the total carrier bandwidth, saving battery for IoT devices.
- Maximum Single-Carrier Bandwidth:
Microprocessor Systems: 8086 and ARM Architecture Reference
CMPS201 Microprocessor Systems Reference: Front
8086 Architecture and Layer Stack
Layer Stack (Bottom to Top):
- Physics → Transistors → Logic Gates → Microarchitecture (This Course) → Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) → Operating System → Application
Microprocessor (MPU) vs. Microcontroller (MCU)
| Feature | MPU | MCU |
|---|---|---|
| Type | CPU only | System on Chip (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O) |
| External Hardware Needed? | Yes (Motherboard, RAM) | No (Just battery and crystal) |
| Example | Intel i7, AMD Ryzen | STM32, ATmega, Arduino |
| Use Case | PC |
Essential Java Programming Concepts and Frameworks
Java Fundamentals: JDK, JRE, and JVM
(a) Differentiate between JDK, JRE, and JVM.
- JVM (Java Virtual Machine): An abstract machine that runs Java bytecode. It converts .class files into machine code and is platform-dependent.
- JRE (Java Runtime Environment): Provides the environment to run Java programs. It contains the JVM, libraries, and supporting files, but does not include development tools.
- JDK (Java Development Kit): Used to develop Java programs. It contains the JRE plus development tools (compiler