Operating System Fundamentals and Architecture
Operating System Fundamentals
An Operating System (OS) is a program that acts as an intermediary between a computer user and the computer hardware. It is divided into four components: Hardware, OS, System/Applications, and Users. The system follows a Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle.
System Operations
- I/O and CPU: Execute concurrently.
- Device Controller: In charge of a particular device type.
- Local Buffer: Moves data to and from main memory and local buffers.
- I/O Process: Data moves from the device to the local
MongoDB Fundamentals and Web Development Concepts
MongoDB: Document Database Essentials
MongoDB (MDB) is a popular open-source, document-oriented NoSQL database. Unlike traditional relational databases that use tables & rows to store data, MDB uses collections & documents. This means MDB stores data in a flexible, JSON-like format, called BSON, which allows the data to be unstructured or semi-structured.
Key Differences Between MDB & Traditional Relational Databases
- Schema Flexibility: MDB doesn’t require a fixed schema. Documents in
C++ Formative Exam Code Refinement
Formative Exam Code Review and Correction
<p>******************************************************<br>
FORMATIVE EXAM<br>
******************************************************</p>
<h3>Library Management System Code (Questions 1-8)</h3>
<p><code>#include <iostream><br>include <fstream>
include <sstream>
include <string>
include <map>
include <memory>
include <algorithm>
<p><code>using namespace Linux System Fundamentals: Files, Processes, and Hierarchy
Linux File System Architecture
The Linux file system is a hierarchical structure that organizes data on storage devices. Unlike Windows, which uses drive letters (C:, D:), Linux uses a single, unified structure starting from the root directory (/).
1. Files, Inodes, and Structure
A. Linux Files: Everything is a File
In Linux, everything is treated as a file, which simplifies system interaction. This includes:
- Regular Files: Text files, executable programs, images, documents.
- Directories: Special files
Computer Graphics: Algorithms, Shading Techniques, and Display Systems
Fundamentals of Computer Graphics
What is Computer Graphics?
Computer graphics is the field of computer science focused on creating, manipulating, and storing images and visual content using computers. It is a crucial discipline because it enables the visualization of complex data, enhances user interfaces, and drives innovations in entertainment, science, and design.
Importance and Applications
- Data Visualization: Computer graphics simplifies and visualizes complex data for easier understanding, analysis,
PHP Fundamentals: Loops, Cookies, Operators, and OOP
PHP foreach Loop Syntax and Usage
The foreach loop is specifically designed to iterate over elements in arrays.
Syntax Variations
1. Iterating over values only:
foreach ($array as $value) {
// statements using $value
}2. Iterating over keys and values:
foreach ($array as $key => $value) {
// statements using $key and $value
}Example: Iterating Colors
<?php
$colors = array("Red", "Green", "Blue");
foreach ($colors as $color) {
echo $color . "<br>";
}
// This will print each color