Understanding Computer Networks: LAN, WAN, Topologies & Protocols
Understanding Computer Networks
Network Types
- LAN (Local Area Network): Limited geographically, greater capacity, higher transmission speeds, lower error rate.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Wide geographical area, lower capacity, higher error rate.
Other Network Types
- Metropolitan (MAN)
- Personal Area (PAN)
- Wireless LAN (WLAN)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Limited to areas like a city population.
PAN (Personal Area Network)
Home networks are simple and small, using wireless or cable connections, with small costs.
Read MoreCircuit Switching, Virtual Circuits, and Multiplexing Techniques
A circuit-switched network is made of a set of switches connected by physical links, in which each link is divided into n channels. Figure 8.3 illustrates a trivial circuit-switched network. In circuit switching, resources need to be reserved during the setup phase; the resources remain dedicated for the entire duration of data transfer until the teardown phase.
Virtual-Circuit Networks
A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram network, exhibiting characteristics
Read MoreNetworking Essentials: Dial-Up, Servers, and Active Directory
Networking Essentials
Dial-Up Networking Parameters
The necessary parameters include transmission lines, communication power, and telephone terminals.
SMTP Server Explained
An SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) server is responsible for transferring email between different servers and moving messages from clients to servers.
PPTP Server Defined
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) encapsulates packets from local area networks, making them transparent to the network procedures used in data transmission
Read MoreOCaml Programming Examples: Functions and Data Structures
OCaml Programming Examples
Basic Functions
Fibonacci:
let rec fib x = if x <= 1 then 1 else fib (x-1) + fib (x-2);;Factorial:
let rec fact x = if x <= 1 then 1 else x * fact (x-1);;List Operations
Insert and Sort:
let rec insert elem = function
| [] -> [elem]
| h::t -> if elem < h then elem::h::t else h::insert elem t;;
let rec sort = function
| [] -> []
| h::t -> insert h (sort t);;
sort [4;2;3;5];;Reverse List:
let rev list =
let rec aux acc = function
| [] -> Network Layers, Ethernet, and WAN Technologies
Application and Presentation Layer
Application and Presentation Layer: Services, files, printers, applications, databases.
Transport and Network Layer
Transport and Network Layer: Network management, routing protocols, switch.
Data Link and Physical Layers
Data Link Layer and Physical: Ethernet communications management, UTP Cat 5, SONET, physical media, hardware.
- The first Ethernet standard was an association between Digital Equipment Corp., Intel, and Xerox (DIX).
- Ethernet was released as an open standard.
Multiplexers, WAN, and LAN Network Technologies
Multiplexer Types
Frequency Division Multiplexer (FDM): Divides the bandwidth of a line among several channels. Each channel occupies a portion of the total frequency bandwidth.
Time Division Multiplexer (TDM): Each channel is assigned a specific time slot within the main channel. Time slots are shared equally among all channels. A disadvantage is that if a channel is unused, its time slot remains unused; other channels cannot utilize it. Padding bits are sent instead of data.
Statistical Time Division
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