Pathfinding Algorithms: BFS, DFS, A*, and Uniform Cost
Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth-First Search (DFS)
from collections import dequedef bfs(maze, start, end): rows = len(maze) cols = len(maze[0]) directions = [(0, 1), (1, 0), (0, -1), (-1, 0)] queue = deque([(start, [start])]) visited = set() visited.add(start) node_visited = 0 while queue: current, path = queue.popleft() node_visited += 1 if current == end: return path, node_visited for r, c in directions: x = current[0] + r y = current[C Language Stack Implementation and Applications
C Code: Checking Parentheses Correctness
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define N 20
typedef struct stack {
int a[N];
int top;
} stack;
void push(stack *s, int x) {
s->top++;
s->a[s->top] = x;
}
int pop(stack *s) {
int x;
x = s->a[s->top];
s->top--;
return x;
}
int isOpenBracket(int x) {
if (x == '{' || x == '[' || x == '(') {
return 1;
} else {
return 0;
}
}
int isCloseBracket(int x) {
if IoT Network Architectures: Protocols and Communication
Request-Response Communication in Detail
Request-response communication is a fundamental interaction model in networked systems where a client sends a request to a server, and the server processes the request and sends back a response. This model is widely used in IoT, web services, APIs, and distributed computing.
How Request-Response Communication Works
Client Sends a Request
The client (such as a device, application, or user) sends a request to the server.
The request contains specific information
Read MoreCircuit Switching, Virtual Circuits, and Multiplexing Techniques
A circuit-switched network is made of a set of switches connected by physical links, in which each link is divided into n channels. Figure 8.3 illustrates a trivial circuit-switched network. In circuit switching, resources need to be reserved during the setup phase; the resources remain dedicated for the entire duration of data transfer until the teardown phase.
Virtual-Circuit Networks
A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram network, exhibiting characteristics
Read MoreComputer Networking Fundamentals: Protocols and Hardware
Introduction to Computer Networks
A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices that can communicate with each other and share resources. These devices can include computers, servers, routers, switches, and other hardware. The primary purpose of a computer network is to facilitate communication and resource sharing among the connected devices.
Key Concepts of Computer Networks
1. Types of Networks
- Local Area Network (LAN): A network that covers a small geographical area, like a home,
Data Transmission and Multiplexing Techniques
Data Transmission Methods
Synchronization
Asynchronous Transmission: The issuer informs the receiver about the transmission instants. The receiver interprets the asynchronous information.
Synchronous Transmission: Transmission occurs at a constant cadence without needing character discrimination. This method aims to modulate the signal and adapt it to the channel, utilizing frequencies with the best channel response.
Modulation Techniques
Amplitude Modulation (AM): Modifies the wave’s amplitude (height)
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